Hayes Collection, 1694-1928

Collection Number: 00324

Collection Title: Hayes Collection, 1694-1928

This collection has access restrictions. For details, please see the restrictions.

This is a finding aid. It is a description of archival material held in the Wilson Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Unless otherwise noted, the materials described below are physically available in our reading room, and not digitally available through the World Wide Web. See the Duplication Policy section for more information.

This collection was processed with support from the sponsorship of a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, Office of Preservation, Washington, D.C., 1990-1993.

This collection was microfilmed with support from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Historical Publications and Records Commission.

Expand/collapse Collection Overview

Size	32.0 feet of linear shelf space (approximately 20,000 items)
Abstract	The Hayes Collection documents three generations of the white Johnston family and two generations of the white Wood family who owned and managed Hayes in Chowan County, Caledonia in Halifax County, and Poplar Plains, Body, and Salem in Pasquotank County, as well as the people who were enslaved by these families and supplied the labor, knowledge, and skill at their plantations. The collection consists of correspondence, diaries, financial materials (bills of sale for enslaved people and other receipts, contracts for the hiring out of enslaved people, lists of enslaved people, account books, bonds), legal materials (wills, agreements, indentures, deeds of property and land, petitions, judgments, and suits), and photographs. Topics include politics, particularly of the colonial era, the American Revolution, and the early United States; the development and management of several plantations, as well as several fisheries, of which Greenfield in Chowan County was most prominent; the enslaved labor system, including the trafficking of enslaved people through purchase and hiring out of their labor, and enslaved people working as foremen and overseers; self-emancipation by running away, work slow-downs, and other acts of resistance by enslaved people; merchants and mercantilism; banking and finance; trade and shipping; the homefront during the Civil War; the fishing industry during the Civil War; Reconstruction and the transition to a tenant labor and sharecropping system; contemporary family life and social customs; men's education, including higher education at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), the University of Virginia and the University of North Carolina; women's education; health, mental illness, and medical treatments of white and enslaved people; travel; the economy; and the law, particularly estate administration. Pictures include photographs of portraits of Johnston and Wood family members and others, and images of the Hayes plantation house.
Creator	Johnston family. Wood family.
Curatorial Unit	University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Library. Southern Historical Collection.
Language	English

Expand/collapse Information For Users

Restrictions to Access: No restrictions. Openn for research.

Restrictions to Use: No usage restrictions.

Copyright Notice: Copyright is retained by the authors of items in these papers, or their descendants, as stipulated by United States copyright law.

Preferred Citation: [Identification of item], in the Hayes Collection #324, Southern Historical Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Alternate Form of Material: Part of this collection is available on microfilm (filmed September 1977).

Alternate Form of Material: Some digitized portions of this collection may be transcribed and are available through From the Page: Hayes Collection.

Acquisitions Information: Received on deposit from John Gilliam Wood in 1977 (Acc. 77094, 81027); as gift from John Gilliam Wood, John Gilliam Wood Jr., Edward Wood, and Heide Wood in 1983; from James P. Dees of Statesville, N.C., in May 1988 (Acc. 88064); and from in July 2015 (Acc. 102276).

Additional Descriptive Resources: Original description of microfilm edition of the Hayes Collection and index of personal names and subjects as pdf files. The index cards used to create the attached index can be found in boxes 78 and 79.

Sensitive Materials Statement: Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, the North Carolina Public Records Act (N.C.G.S. § 132 1 et seq.), and Article 7 of the North Carolina State Personnel Act (Privacy of State Employee Personnel Records, N.C.G.S. § 126-22 et seq.). Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection without the consent of those individuals may have legal ramifications (e.g., a cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning an individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill assumes no responsibility.

Expand/collapse Subject Headings

The following terms from Library of Congress Subject Headings suggest topics, persons, geography, etc. interspersed through the entire collection; the terms do not usually represent discrete and easily identifiable portions of the collection--such as folders or items.

Clicking on a subject heading below will take you into the University Library's online catalog.

Expand/collapse Related Collections

Wilson Special Collections Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Pettigrew Family Papers (#592)
Thomas Devereux Hogg Papers (#344)
Joseph Blount Cheshire Papers (#146)
Gabriel Johnston Papers (#382-z)
Edenton (N.C.) Papers (#1910)
Miscellaneous Letters (#516)
Joseph Hewes Papers (#1381)

North Carolina Division of Archives and History

Charles E. Johnson Collection (PC.67)
Samuel Johnston Papers (PC.68)
James Iredell Sr. Papers (PC.625)
Colonial Governors Papers, 1694-1775
Governors' Papers, 1777-1841
Governors' Letter Books, 1777-1913

Rubenstein Library, Duke University

James Iredell Papers (#903)

Expand/collapse Biographical Information

Gabriel Johnston (1699-1752) was born in Scotland, but moved to North Carolina in 1734 following his appointment as royal governor to the colony. He married Penelope Golland, step-daughter of Governor Charles Eden and widow of William Maule, John Lovick, and George Phenney. They had one daughter, Penelope, who in 1758 married John Dawson, son of the president of William and Mary College. Gabriel Johnston also had children named Polly, Caroline, Isabel, and Henry, although their mother's identity is unclear. Following his wife Penelope's death, Gabriel Johnston married Frances Button, who after Gabriel's death would later marry John Rutherford. During his political career Gabriel Johnston worked to improve the collection of quitrents and negotiated a partial settlement of the boundary dispute between North and South Carolina. He also acquired over a thousand acres of land, including the Possum Quarter and Fishing Creek plantations in Granville County, N.C.; Conahoe in Tyrell County, N.C.; and Mount Gallant in Northampton County, N.C. He lived at Eden House on the Chowan River in Bertie County, N.C., where he died in 1752.

Gabriel Johnston's brother, Samuel Johnston (1702-1757), moved to North Carolina in 1735 after having been appointed surveyor-general of the colony. At his death, he owned over 10,000 acres of land in Craven County, N.C., and Onslow County, N.C. He grew corn and indigo and made tar. Prior to leaving Scotland, Samuel Johnston married Helen Scrymsoure and with her had several children: Jean, who married George Blair, an Edenton merchant; Hannah, who married James Iredell, Edenton lawyer and later United States Supreme Court justice; and Isabella, who was engaged to Joseph Hewes, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, but died before the marriage took place.

Samuel and Helen's son, Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), a lawyer, politician, plantation owner, and enslaver, was born in Dundee, Scotland, on 15 December 1733 and came with his parents to North Carolina when he was two years old. He left the colony in 1750 to study in New Haven, Conn., and was later admitted to the law school at Yale College in 1751. He returned to Edenton in the fall of 1753 to read law under Thomas Barker. In May 1755, Johnston was appointed clerk of the Court of Oyer and Terminer and General Gaol Delivery for the Edenton district, and, on 16 October 1756, he was admitted to the bar. He was elected to the Colonial Assembly in 1759 and purchased the post of deputy naval officer of the colony in 1770. He served in both positions until 1775. During the Revolutionary War, Samuel Johnston served in a number of political capacities. He was a member of the First and Second Provincial Congresses, served as president for the Third and Fourth Provincial Congresses, and acted as treasurer of the Northern District between 1775 and 1777. Johnston was consulted in the drafting of the state constitution and served as paymaster of troops for the Edenton district. In 1779, he served as state senator for Chowan County, but left the position in 1780 to serve as one of North Carolina's delegates to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, Pa. In 1782, Johnston returned to his law practice, which he had closed prior to the war, and again served as state senator for Chowan County from 1783 to 1784. He was elected governor of North Carolina in 1787, and served in that capacity until 1789. As president of North Carolina's constitutional conventions of 1788 and 1789, he assisted in the ratification of the United States Constitution. In 1790, he moved to Philadelphia, Pa., where he served in Congress for three years. Between 1800 and 1803, he was a judge on the North Carolina Superior Court of Law and Equity. Johnston had extensive landholdings, most significant were his three plantations that were dependent on enslaved labor, knowledge, and skill: Hayes in Chowan County, Caledonia in Halifax County, and Hermitage in Martin County. He also owned acreage in Pasquotank, Currituck, Tyrell, and Bertie counties. He married Frances Cathcart, daughter of Dr. William Cathcart, in May 1770. He and his wife had nine children, only four of whom survived to adulthood: Penelope, who married John Swann; Frances; Helen; and James Cathcart.

James Cathcart Johnston (1782-1865), plantation owner, enslaver, and businessman, was born 25 June 1782, in Edenton, N.C. He studied at the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University), from which he graduated in 1799. He returned to North Carolina to read law under his father's direction, and received a license to practice on 11 April 1804. Politics and law, however, did not interest him as it did his father, and Johnston chose to work in agriculture and trade, becoming one of the wealthiest North Carolina plantation owners, using forced labor to cultivate familial lands at Hayes, Caledonia, and Poplar Plains, as well as others that he purchased over the years. His main cash crop was corn, but he also grew wheat and cotton. The first plantation that Johnston managed was Poplar Plains, his father's Pasquotank County plantation on the Pasquotank River four miles below Elizabeth City. In 1804, he began extended visits to the plantation to oversee its development, including construction of a two-story house, a kitchen, a smokehouse, and three barns. In all, he farmed 2740 acres at Poplar Plains and at adjoining Pasquotank plantations called Body and Salem, the latter purchased from Joseph Blount in 1819. The largest of Johnston's plantations was Caledonia, located in Halifax County along the Roanoke River and inherited from his father. By 1860, there were 271 enslaved people providing the labor, knowledge, and skill on 7834 acres at Caledonia. Johnston's plantations were managed by a succession of overseers, among them William B. Hathaway and Henry J. Futrell, as well as Peter, Aaron, and Ben, enslaved people who served as foremen or overseers at Poplar Plains, Hayes, and Body respectively.

James Cathcart Johnston received Hayes Plantation by deed of gift dated 29 December 1814 from his father, who in his will instructed James to build a residence there for himself and his sisters. Johnston commissioned William Nichols, an English architect living in Edenton, to design the plantation house. Construction began in the fall of 1815, with enslaved and free artisans and laborers working alongside white craftsmen and workers to build Johnston's fashionable house. The Johnstons were living in it two years later. In 1860, James C. Johnston owned 1374 acres of land at Hayes and enslaved 103 people. Johnston lived at Hayes, but spent much of his time traveling to Caledonia and Poplar Plains to oversee personally their operation. His largest money crop was corn, and he also grew cotton and wheat. He raised some livestock, mostly hogs, sheep, and cattle. The plantation products to be sold were floated downriver on his own boats to storage firms at Plymouth, Elizabeth City, or Edenton. Then they were shipped, often by James's own schooners or canal boats to markets in New York, Baltimore, Norfolk, Charleston, or Savannah. Commission merchants in these cities handled James' profits, buying supplies for the plantations or investing the money in bank stocks and treasury notes for him. Johnston was keenly interested in agricultural reform and experimented with many inventions in agricultural machinery. At Hayes, he constructed a windmill that he later dismantled and replaced with steam engine-powered saw, grist, and flour mills. These proved to be worthwhile investments, producing lumber, flour, and corn meal. He experimented with the Cornell machine that made barrel staves, bought cotton gins and steam-powered threshing machines, and used fertilizers. He supported construction of canals as inland waterways over which to ship his products to market. He also had a vested interest in the shipping and ship building industries, owning many of the boats and schooners used to move his product to market. In addition to the profits made from his plantations, he invested heavily in bank stocks and treasury notes. Johnston never married but did have four daughters, Mary Virginia (1815-1840), Caroline, Louisa, and Annie Edith (1831-1879), with Edith ("Edy") Wood (1795-1846), an enslaved woman he had purchased in the late 1820s and then manumitted along with their children in 1832.* Johnston's nephew of the same name, James Cathcart Johnston, and his nephew's wife lived with him at Hayes for some time, and he financially supported a number of other relatives. Johnston doubted that any of his relatives could adequately run the plantations, and therefore bequeathed his properties to three friends: Christopher W. Hollowell, Henry J. Futrell, and Edward Wood.

Edward Wood (1820-1872), a plantation owner, enslaver, and businessman, ran several steam mills and fisheries prior to inheriting Hayes Plantation. In 1843, he opened a sawmill in Gatesville, N.C., where he made barrel headings and staves in addition to shingles. In 1844, he established Montpelier, a fishery on the Albemarle Sound. A year later, he had accumulated enough capital to purchase several enslaved people, several town lots in Gatesville, and 800 acres of land belonging to his father-in-law's estate. During the 1840s, Wood moved to Greenfield Plantation in Chowan County where he grew wheat, corn, and oats, and raised cattle, hogs, and sheep. In 1850, he acquired partial ownership in a steam mill at Hertford. In 1856, he bought town lots in Edenton and became a co-partner in the mercantile firm of J. M. Cox and Company of Hertford. Wood also was president of the Albemarle Sound Navigation Company, which owned steamboats and schooners that carried freight and passengers. During the Civil War, Wood was arrested and held hostage pending the release of a Confederate prisoner. It was during this time that he met James Cathcart Johnston, who participated in negotiations to free him. Shortly thereafter, Johnston selected Wood to be one of his heirs and co-executor of his estate. Following James Cathcart Johnston's death on 9 May 1865, Wood obtained the Hayes Plantation, including its plantation house and furnishings; Johnston's stock; and all the money Johnston had at his death. Towards the end of his life, Wood managed over 5000 acres at Hayes, Belvedere, Mulberry Hill, Atholl, Greenfield, Somerset, Ashland, Winslow, and Spruill farms, and had major crops in cotton, corn, wheat, orchard fruits, and vegetables. He also owned successful fisheries at Skinner Point, Greenfield, Montpelier, Frying Pan, and Drummond Point. Wood married Caroline Moore Gilliam (1824-1886) and with her had ten children: Mary Francis (born and died in 1845), Sarah Elizabeth (1846-1876), who married Octavius Coke, a North Carolina secretary of state, in 1906; Mary Moore (1848-1893); Edward (1851-1898); John Gilliam (1853-1920); James (1856-1876); Francis (1858-1926); Annie Augusta (b. 1861); Julian Gilliam (b. 1863); and Henry Gilliam (b. 1868). He also reportedly fathered a daughter, Mariah, by an enslaved woman.

At Wood's death in 1872, his wife Caroline and his brother William C. Wood took over the management of his properties. Caroline was active in running the Hayes Farm and had extensive correspondence with the wholesalers in the northern markets. Following the death of William C. Wood, Caroline was assisted by her sons, Edward and John Gilliam, who were educated at the University of Virginia, and Frank, who attended the University of North Carolina. Edward and Frank were instrumental in running the fisheries, while John Gilliam spent most of his time administering to the farms. Upon the decline of the fishing industry in the Albemarle Sound region, John Gilliam and Frank enlarged the farms to grow cotton, peanuts, and fruits. They were involved in the establishment of the Edenton Peanut Company, the Chowan Cotton Oil and Fertilizer Company, and the Edenton Cotton Mill Company, of which Frank became the president. He also served on the Chowan County Board of Commissioners and on the North Carolina Board of Agriculture. He and John Gilliam were directors of the Bank of Edenton, founded in 1894 by their brother Julian Gilliam.

The enslaved community at the Johnston and Wood family plantations numbered in the hundreds, if not more than 1000 people, over the period of 1735-1865. As of 1860, the U.S. federal census slave schedule indicates that James Cathcart Johnston enslaved 271 individuals, and Edward Wood enslaved 46 individuals. Lists of enslaved people and bills of sale for enslaved people may help to create a census of the individuals and families enslaved by the Johnstons and Wood. Many of the enslaved individuals at Hayes were engaged in planting and harvesting cotton and food crops, fishing, raising livestock, felling and milling trees for lumber, and running the house and kitchen. Enslaved people also grew their own crops and livestock, ennabling them to trade with merchants on credit brokered through Johnston's accounts. Corrrespondence and hiring out contracts may provide insights into the occupations and health of individuals.

*Biographical information about James Cathcart Johnston was updated in July 2022 to include information about Edith Wood and her children with Johnston based on research by Mary Maillard published in "'Faithfully Drawn from Real Life': Autobiographical Elements in Frank J. Webb's The Garies and Their Friends," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography Vol. 137, No. 3 (July 2013), pp. 261-300.

Expand/collapse Scope and Content

The Hayes Collection documents three generations of the white Johnston family and two generations of the white Wood family who owned and managed Hayes in Chowan County, Caledonia in Halifax County, and Poplar Plains, Body, and Salem in Pasquotank County, as well as the people who were enslaved by these families and supplied the labor, knowledge, and skill at their plantations. The collection consists of correspondence, diaries, financial materials (bills of sale for enslaved people and other receipts, contracts for the hiring out of enslaved people, lists of enslaved people, account books, bonds), legal materials (wills, agreements, indentures, deeds of property and land, petitions, judgments, and suits), and photographs. Topics include politics, particularly of the colonial era, the American Revolution, and the early United States; the development and management of several plantations, as well as several fisheries, of which Greenfield in Chowan County was most prominent; the enslaved labor system, including the trafficking of enslaved people through purchase and hiring out of their labor, and enslaved people working as foremen and overseers; self-emancipation by running away, work slow-downs, and other acts of resistance by enslaved people; merchants and mercantilism; banking and finance; trade and shipping; the homefront during the Civil War; the fishing industry before and during the Civil War; Reconstruction and the transition to a tenant labor and sharecropping system; contemporary family life and social customs; men's education, including higher education at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), the University of Virginia and the University of North Carolina; women's education; health, mental illness, and medical treatments of white and enslaved people; travel; the economy; and the law, particularly estate administration. Pictures include photographs of portraits of Johnston and Wood family members and others, and images of the Hayes plantation house.

Processing Notes

Parts of the collection were microfilmed in the 1980s, at which time the collection was divided into two subgroups identified as microfilmed or unmicrofilmed materials. Each subgroup is divided into Johnston or Wood family series. Materials donated after the microfilming of the collection can be found in the unmicrofilmed series.

In October 2022, information about enslaved people found in the index to the microfilmed part of this collection was added to the finding aid at the folder level. Archivists have standardized the spelling of names of enslaved people, enslavers, and others who participated in the trafficking of enslaved people wherever possible to facilitate searching within this finding aid. We recognize the complexity of this issue and welcome feedback on this decision at wilsonlibrary@unc.edu.

Contents list

Expand/collapse Subgroup 1. Microfilmed materials.

Expand/collapse Series 1. Johnston Family, 1694-1865 and undated.

About 11,450 items.

Arrangement: chronological.

Correspondence and financial and legal materials documenting three generations of the white Johnston family of North Carolina and others, including the people enslaved by them. Of note are materials relating to Gabriel Johnston (1699-1752), royal governor of the colony of North Carolina; and his brother, Samuel Johnston (1702-1757), plantation owner, enslaver, and surveyor-general of the colony of North Carolina; Samuel Johnston's son, Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), lawyer, governor, United States senator, judge, plantation owner, and enslaver; and Samuel Johnston's (1733-1816) son, James Cathcart Johnston (1782-1865), plantation owner, enslaver, and businessman. Enslaved people are documented in tax lists, bills of sale, hiring out contracts, and in correspondence. There are some letters written by enslaved people, but the majority of letters that report on the lives of enslaved people are written from the perspective of white people. These letters often provide the names of enslaved people and describe the work they performed, their acts of resistance, and health concerns.

Materials provide insight into North Carolina and United States history from the colonial period through the Civil War. Researchers will find the series rich in information on government and politics at both a state and national level; antebellum plantation management, including crop production and agricultural reform, sales and trade, overseers' roles, and the slave labor system; contemporary family life and social customs; education and school life; health, mental illness, and medical treatment; law, particularly estate administration; merchants and mercantilism; and banking and finance.

This series has been divided into two subseries based on material type. The first subseries contains loose papers while the second contains bound volumes, both of which have been arranged chronologically.

Expand/collapse Subseries 1.1. Johnston Family Papers 1694-1865.

About 11,350 items.

Arrangement: chronological.

Personal, business, and political correspondence, and financial and legal materials documenting the lives of three generations of the white Johnston family of Edenton, N.C., the people enslaved by them, and early North Carolina and United States history. Researchers will find the series rich in information on government and politics at both a state and national level during the Colonial period, the Revolutionary War, and the early United States; antebellum plantation management including crop production and agricultural reform, shipping and trade, overseers' roles, and the slave labor system; contemporary family life and social customs; education and school life; health, mental illness, and medical treatment; law, particularly estate administration; merchants and mercantilism; and banking and finance. Legal and financial materials include indentures, deeds, surveys, wills, judgments and suits, bills of lading, receipts, bills of sale for enslaved people, account sheets and ledgers, and inventories.

Enslaved people are documented in tax lists, bills of sale, hiring out contracts, and in correspondence. There are some letters written by enslaved people, but the majority of letters that report on the lives of enslaved people are written from the perspective of white people. These letters often provide the names of enslaved people and describe the work they performed, their acts of resistance, and health concerns.

The series has been divided into three descriptive sections based on significant shifts that signal a change in the cast of characters and/or the subjects treated during a specific time span.

Expand/collapse Subseries 1.1.1. Johnston Family Papers, 1694-1759.

About 150 items.

Arrangement: chronological.

Financial papers and legal documents include agreements and indentures, deeds of land, legal suits, and wills that relate to Gabriel Johnston and his wife Penelope, step-daughter of Governor Charles Eden and the widow of William Maule, John Lovick, and George Phenney. The bulk of the materials relate to estate settlements for all of Penelope's previous husbands. However, there are a few land surveys that may have been prepared by Samuel Johnston (1705-1757). Materials relating to Gabriel Johnston's political career are few, although there are papers relating to the collection of quitrents, the dispute over the North and South Carolina border, and a 1748 address to the House of Burgesses. Some land grants date from the 1850s.

Materials documenting enslaved people include a list of enslaved people and a deed.

Folder 1	1694
Folder 2	1709
Folder 3	1712 Unedited transcriptions are available for some of the digitized versions of items in this folder at From the Page: Hayes Collection: folder 003: 1712.
Folder 4	1713
Folder 5	1714
Folder 6	1715
Folder 7	1716
Folder 8	1717
Folder 9	1718
Folder 10	1720
Folder 11	1721
Folder 12	1722
Folder 13	1723
Folder 14	1725-1726
Folder 15	1727
Folder 16	1729
Folder 17	1730
Folder 18	1735
Folder 19	1736 Unedited transcriptions are available for some of the digitized versions of items in this folder at From the Page: Hayes Collection: folder 019: 1736. June 23: List of enslaved people.
Folder 20	1737
Folder 21	1738
Folder 22	1739
Folder 23	1740 November 18: Deed, in which Dinah, an enslaved girl, was transferred as property from Stephen Williams of Currituck County, N.C., to Thomas Williams.
Folder 24	1741
Folder 25	1742
Folder 26	1743
Folder 27	1744
Folder 28	1745
Folder 29	1746
Folder 30	1747
Folder 31	1748
Folder 32	1749
Oversize Paper Folder OPF-324/1	Land grants, 1721-1759
Extra Oversize Paper Folder XOPF-324/1	Miscellaneous papers Includes land grants, 18th century; plats; a diploma; printed advertisements; and other materials.

Expand/collapse Subseries 1.1.2. Johnston Family Papers, 1750-1810.

About 2,950 items.

Arrangement: chronological.

Papers relating chiefly to Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), including personal, business, and political correspondence; financial papers, including account sheets, bills and receipts, inventories, and merchandise ledgers; and legal documents, such as judgments and suits, agreements and indentures, deeds of land and property, and wills. Papers highlight a broad spectrum of subjects, including early North Carolina and United States politics and government; social, economic, and military developments during wartime; law, especially estate administration; family life and social customs; health; education and school life; plantation administration, including slavery; and mercantilism.

From 1750 to 1757, letters from Samuel Johnston (1702-1757) to his son Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), deal with the younger Johnston's financial situation, his law education, and his procurement of a superior court clerkship. A 1757 letter concerns the death of Helen, the older Johnston's wife, in child birth.

Following Governor Gabriel Johnston's death in 1752, there is extensive correspondence, legal notes and petitions, receipts, and land surveys and deeds pertaining to the settlement of his estate. Starting in 1756, there was a long series of court disputes over the settlement of the estate. In the first one, his executors brought Gabriel's widow Frances Rutherford to court for having failed to release Gabriel's land and personal effects to his daughter and Frances' stepdaughter Penelope. Penelope lived with her stepmother until 1854, when Frances married John Rutherford. Shortly thereafter, Penelope was removed from the guardianship of the Rutherfords and sent to live with Dr. William Cathcart. Later she lived with Governor Robert Dinwiddie in Williamsburg, Va., where she met John Dawson, whom she married in 1758. These events are well documented in the correspondence of this series.

The remainder of the settlement disputes involve the distribution of money that Gabriel left to his relatives. Henry Laurens was extensively involved in obtaining the money for the executors, and his letters reveal the difficulties in fulfilling the stipulations of Gabriel's will. Other individuals involved in the settlement were Gabriel Johnston's other daughter, Isabel Johnston, and members of the Ferrier (sometimes spelled Ferriar) family in Largo, Scotland.

Correspondence with the Ferrier family, chiefly Elizabeth "Eliza" Ferrier, Gabriel Johnston's sister, her husband John Ferrier, and their sons James Ferrier and Robert Ferrier, begins in 1757. Although many of the letters refer to developments in the Gabriel Johnston estate settlement, a broad range of topics also are discussed, including Ferrier/Ferriar and Johnston family genealogy, local politics and social attitudes towards government, economic concerns, business and trade, and health issues, including a letter describing the death of Gabriel Johnston's son Henry from the "bloody flux" in Edinburgh on 6 December 1771.

Correspondence with Penelope Johnston Dawson, Samuel Johnston's (1733-1816) cousin, begins in the late 1750s and continues throughout this subseries. Her letters detail family and social life, social customs such as marriage and courtship, education of children, and health concerns, particularly the ague fever and an outbreak of small pox at Hayes in 1773. Following the death of her husband, Penelope also sought Johnston's advice in regards to plantation business, such as the selling of tar and livestock and the purchase of sundry goods. In 1772, she wrote several letters criticizing an overseer's treatment of enslaved people and asked Johnston to intercede.

Correspondence with business partners and friends also discuss plantation management. Letters provide insight into the functioning of Samuel Johnston's three major plantations--Hayes in Chowan County, Caledonia in Halifax County, and Hermitage in Martin County--and mention trafficking of enslaved people through selling, purchasing, and hiring-out; overseer recommendations; and general concerns regarding livestock and planting. Samuel Johnston's personal financial materials, including account sheets, receipts, inventories, and surveys for his various plantations, are also a rich source of information on plantation management. Beginning in the early 1780s there are annual statements of taxable property for Johnston's land holdings, which often include lists of enslaved people. Other materials documenting enslaved people include bills of sale and receipts for medical treatment for enslaved people and hiring out of enslaved labor.

Political and military developments of the 18th century are frequently discussed in the correspondence. Several letters mention events surrounding the French and Indian War. Also included are a description of a bill for the protection of the colonies against the French (October 1755) and Henry Johnston's recount of Major James Grant's battle at Fort Duquesne, Pa. (20 September 1758).

Later correspondence documents events leading up to the American Revolution and include a letter regarding the repeal of the Stamp Act (1765) and a 10 June 1771 account of an engagement during the War of the Regulation (possibly the Battle of Alamance). Additionally, correspondence, particularly that with Thomas Barker, Samuel Johnston's agent in England during the 1760s and 1770s, discuss the escalating tension between Great Britain and the colonies and provide insight into how the general population, both in America and Great Britain, viewed the declining relations.

During the Revolutionary War period, letters document the establishment and training of militia troops, particularly the Independent Company of Edenton and the activities of Colonel Andrew Knox; the procurement of gun powder, turpentine, tar, arms and other supplies, particularly drums and fifes and a flag with the words "Liberty or Death" (29 June 1775); and covert intelligence activities. Letters also describe events in North Carolina, such as resistance from the Regulators and others living in the western part of the state, defense of the coast and port closures, and public backlash against individuals who were not friendly to the American cause, including several instances of tar and feathering.

Political developments of this era are documented, including the election of officials to the Provincial Congress and the General Congress in Philadelphia, Pa., and the drafting of the Constitution. Following the war, correspondence provides insight into Johnston's activities while acting as the governor, and later, senator of North Carolina.

Following his term in the Senate, Johnston returned to Hermitage Plantation in Martin County, N.C. He continued to correspond with Joseph Anthony and John Maybin, his business contacts in Philadelphia, and their letters give accounts of the plantation products sold for Johnston; of commodities, foodstuffs, and bank stock bought for him; and of political and economic developments throughout the nation. Similar letters also were received from the merchant and investor Robert Lenox and his philanthropist son, John Lenox, both of New York City. Materials related to George Blair and Hindley and Needham, a large mercantile firm, reveal much about merchants and trade at that time.

After the war, Johnston's correspondence with relatives and business agents in Great Britain, particularly Alexander Elmsley and Peter Elmsley of England, discuss foreign market news, the growing conflict between England and France, the French Revolution, and American anxiety over the Louisiana Territory (14 August 1802).

Also of note are estate and bankruptcy settlements handled by Johnston. Of particular interest are those materials related to Sir Nathaniel Duckenfield and his mother Margaret Pearson, for whom Samuel tried to recover land confiscated during the Revolutionary War.

Materials of James Cathcart Johnston (1782-1865) begin around 1793 and consist of letters written to his father while attending the College of New Jersey. Between 1799 and 1805, correspondence between James Cathcart Johnston and his classmates touches on such topics as business, courtship, dueling, and suicide.

Folder 33	1750
Folder 34	1751
Folder 35	1752
Folder 36	1753
Folder 37	1754
Folder 38	1755
Folder 39	1756 Unedited transcriptions are available for some of the digitized versions of items in this folder at From the Page: Hayes Collection: folder 039: 1756. February 20: List of enslaved people. November 30: List of enslaved people.
Folder 40	January-June 1757
Folder 41	July-December 1757 December (undated): List of enslaved people.
Folder 42	January-June 1758 Unedited transcriptions are available for some of the digitized versions of items in this folder at From the Page: Hayes Collection: folder 042: January-June 1758. March 28: Letter from Caroline Johnson in Roanoke to Samuel Johnston, concerning Titus, an enslaved person, and the conditions required for him to be hired out.
Folder 43	July-December 1758
Folder 44	1759 Unedited transcriptions are available for some of the digitized versions of items in this folder at From the Page: Hayes Collection: folder 044: 1759. October 24: List of enslaved people.
Folder 45	1760
Folder 46	1761 Unedited transcriptions are available for some of the digitized versions of items in this folder at From the Page: Hayes Collection: folder 046: 1761.
Folder 47	January-August 1762
Folder 48	September-December 1762 Unedited transcriptions are available for some of the digitized versions of items in this folder at From the Page: Hayes Collection: folder 048: September-December 1762. September (undated): List of enslaved people.
Oversize Paper Folder OPF-324/2	Financial and legal papers, 1762-1781 Includes lists of enslaved people; land grants; and miscellaneous other legal documents.
Folder 49	1763 April 25: Bill of Sale for Rose and her infant child, enslaved people who were sold by Susannah Fullerton and the estate of her deceased husband Matthew Fullerton to Samuel Johnston. September (undated): List of enslaved people.
Folder 50	1764 October 31: Bill of sale for Dinah, an enslaved person, and Jack, Charles, and Edsy, enslaved children, who were sold by William Williams in Currituck County, N.C., to Samuel Johnston in Chowan County, N.C.
Folder 51	1765
Folder 52	1766 August 15: Bill of sale for Charles, an enslaved boy who was sold by George Wells, a physic surgery practitioner in Edenton, to William Meredith of Chowan County, N.C. Meredith then trafficked Charles to Samuel Johnston. December 3: Letter from Samuel Johnston, in which he mentioned Tom, an enslaved person who he intended to sell.
Folder 53	January-June 1767
Folder 54	July-December 1767
Folder 55	January-June 1768
Folder 56	August-December 1768
Folder 57	January-April 1769 Unedited transcriptions are available for some of the digitized versions of items in this folder at From the Page: Hayes Collection: folder 057: January-April 1769. March 6: List of enslaved people.
Folder 58	May-August 1769
Folder 59	September-December 1769 November 6: Bill of sale for Esther, an enslaved woman, and her enslaved children Mary-Anne, Milly, and Lucy, who were sold by Anne Swift and the estate of her deceased husband Samuel Swift in Edenton, N.C., to Samuel Johnston. November 21: Legal opinion on slavery and the leasehold estate.
Folder 60	January-April 1770
Folder 61	May-August 1770 May 28: Bill of sale for Kate and Dinah, enslaved people who were sold by N. Buchanan through Thomas Gilchrist, who brokered the trafficking of Kate and Dinah up the James River. July 1: Letter from Will Cathcart, who may have been formerly enslaved, to Samuel Johnston. Cathcart sent greetings. July 6: Letter from Will Cathcart, who may have been formerly enslaved, acknowledging Peggy, who was enslaved to Samuel Johnston, as the carrier of the letter. Cathcart sent greetings. July 6: Letter from Penelope Dawson to her cousin Samuel Johnston at Hayes, concerning accusations by the enslaved people that the overseer was withholding provisions.
Folder 62	September-December 1770 December 24: List of enslaved people.
Folder 63	January-February 1771 January 21: List of enslaved people.
Folder 64	March-April 1771 April 24: List of enslaved people. April 29: List of enslaved people. April 30: List of enslaved people.
Folder 65	May-June 1771 May 31: Bill of sale for Joe, an enslaved person who was sold by Richard Bond of Chowan County, N.C., to Samuel Johnston.
Folder 66	July-August 1771 July 19: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 67	September-October 1771
Folder 68	November-December 1771
Folder 69	January-February 1772 January 9: Bill of sale for Dick, an enslaved man who was sold by J. W. Campbell to Samuel Johnston. Undated: List of enslaved people.
Folder 70	March-April 1772 March 18: Bill of sale for Teeny, an enslaved woman who was sold by William Houghton to Samuel Johnston. April 24: Letter from Will Cathcart to Samuel Johnston, acknowledging Homer, an enslaved person, as the carrier of the letter. The letter also reports that Rose, an enslaved woman, had eloped toward Edenton, N.C.
Folder 71	May-June 1772 June 10: List of enslaved people.
Folder 72	July-August 1772 July 17: Letter from Penelope Dawson to Samuel Johnston, reporting that Jack and an unnamed younger person, both of whom were enslaved, had reported harsh treatment by the overseer to her.
Folder 73	September-October 1772
Folder 74	November-December 1772
Folder 75	January-April 1773 January 8: Bill of sale for Molly, an enslaved woman who was sold by Joseph Hewit(?) to Samuel Johnston . April 2: Bill of sale for Tom, Cato, and Jack, enslaved people who were sold by the estate of the father of Thomas Stevenson in Perquimons County, N.C., to Ambrose Knox.
Folder 76	May-August 1773 May 27: Bill of sale for Dick, an enslaved man sold by Lowther, Hardy & Little to Samuel Johnston.
Folder 77	September-December 1773 September 11: Bill of sale for Major, an enslaved man sold by William Lowther to Samuel Johnston. The receipt is witnessed by Andrew Little in Edenboro.
Folder 78	January-April 1774 Undated: List of enslaved people.
Folder 79	May-August 1774
Folder 80	September-December 1774 October 31: Bill of sale for Pill (Philip), an enslaved child sold by the estate of John Baker to Samuel Johnston. November 28: Correspondence in which the controversy over slavery is discussed. December 17: Letter from Penelope Dawson at Eden House to Mr. Johnston, in which she wrote that Callum, who was enslaved by Johnston, requested that his wife who had been hired out be returned to the plantation.
Folder 81	January-February 1775 Undated: List of enslaved people. January 29: Letter to S. Dickinson in which Nathaniel Dukenfield expressed a preference against the sale of enslaved people to pay debts.
Folder 82	March-April 1775
Folder 83	May-June 1775 May 23: Letter from Robert Smith in Edenton to Joseph Hewes, reporting that enslaved people were rumored to be planning rebellion.
Folder 84	July-August 1775
Folder 85	September-October 1775 Unedited transcriptions are available for some of the digitized versions of items in this folder at From the Page: Hayes Collection: folder 085: September-October 1775. September 26: Bill of sale for Will, an enslaved person sold by Lawrence Lipley to Andrew Knox. Payment was made through Thomas Newby. October undated: Letter (unsigned) from a financial agent to Elizabeth Tunstall, reporting that 100 or more people were known to be enslaved by her father.
Folder 86	November-December 1775
Folder 87	January-February 1776
Folder 88	March-April 1776 April 17: Correspondence describing insurrection by enslaved people.
Folder 89	May-June 1776 June 16: Bill of sale for two unnamed enslaved people who were purchased by Samuel Johnston for Hannah Johnston Iredell on the day of her wedding. The purchase of the enslaved people was in fulfillment of Gabriel Johnston's will.
Folder 90	July-August 1776
Folder 91	September-December 1776
Folder 92	1777 August 10: Bill of sale for Robin, an enslaved man who was sold by Abner Eason to P. Travers, and then trafficked by Travers to W. James Sumner.
Folder 93	1778
Folder 94	1779
Folder 95	1780 Undated: List of enslaved people.
Folder 96	1781
Folder 97	1782
Folder 98	January-July 1783 February 1: List of enslaved people.
Folder 99	August-December 1783
Folder 100	January-April 1784
Folder 101	May-August 1784 June (undated): List of enslaved people.
Folder 102	September-December 1784
Folder 103	January-March 1785 January (undated): List of enslaved people.
Folder 104	April-June 1785
Folder 105	July-September 1785
Folder 106	October-December 1785 October 14: Bill of sale for Plato, an enslaved child who was sold by Samuel Hall to Samuel Johnston. November 2: Bill of sale for Phebe, an enslaved person who was sold by the estate of Aaron Moon to Zebulon Snowden. November 29: Bill of sale for Hardy, an enslaved child who was sold by Thomas Jarman of Onslow County, N.C., to Samuel Johnston. Hardy was the son of Sarah, an enslaved woman.
Oversize Paper Folder OPF-324/3	Financial and legal papers, 1785-1820 and undated Includes wills; lists of land prices; a diploma; and miscellaneous other materials.
Folder 107	January-June 1786 Undated: Samuel Johnston's Taxable Property, including 46 enslaved people between 12 and 50 years of age; additionally, Johnston reported 13 enslaved people between the ages of 13 and 50 who were the property of Margaret Pearson (deceased). January 12: Bill of sale for Phebe, an enslaved woman who was sold by Zebulon Snowden to Samuel Johnston. Phebe had previously been enslaved by the estate of Aaron Moon.
Folder 108	July-December 1786 October 16: List of enslaved people. December 13: Letter from Nathaniel Duckenfield to Samuel Johnston, mentioning Duckenfield's distress at the sale of Johnston's enslaved people. Suckey, an enslaved woman at the plantation that had been sold to Ryan, reportedly had attempted suicide but was being treated by a physician.
Folder 109	January-June 1787
Folder 110	July-December 1787
Folder 111	January-June 1788
Folder 112	July-December 1788
Folder 113	January-May 1789 Undated: List of enslaved people. January 29: List of enslaved people.
Folder 114	June-December 1789 June 30: Letter from Nathaniel Duckenfield to Samuel Johnston, reporting that London, Bet, and Suckey, who were enslaved people, were purchased by him. Duckenfield also mentioned Toney, an enslaved person, and that Mers (?) and his wife and children, enslaved people, had been purchased by William Dawson.
Folder 115	January-May 1790
Folder 116	June-December 1790
Folder 117	January-March 1791
Folder 118	April-December 1791 July 16: Census of the people, including a category for enslaved people, living in Edenton, New Bern, Wilmington, Fayette, Halifax, Hillsborough, Salisbury, and Morgan.
Folder 119	January-April 1792 March 23: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 120	May-August 1792
Folder 121	September-December 1792
Folder 122	January-June 1793 1793 Undated: List of enslaved people. May 16: Receipt for clothing, mending, and services provided by John Watts for George, Cato, Helen, Rose, George, and Betty, who were enslaved by Samuel Johnston. June 11: Record documenting Penny, an enslaved girl, who was sold by William Jordan to John Swann.
Folder 123	July-December 1793 December 20: Receipt documenting payment from the estate of John Swann to Thomas Nichols for a midwife fee for Dolley, an enslaved woman, for services she provided to Violet, an enslaved woman, to deliver her baby.
Folder 124	January-April 1794 Undated: List of enslaved people.
Folder 125	May-August 1794 August 23: Record of hiring out of Mark and Bob, enslaved people whose labor had been purchased from the estate of W. John Swann by Samuel Johnston. Mark and Bob had been in the possession of Mary Blount, presumably because she previously had hired their labor.
Folder 126	September-December 1794
Folder 127	January-April 1795 April 15: Record of hiring out of George, an enslaved person whose labor had been purchased from the estate of John Swann by Samuel Johnston.
Folder 128	May-July 1795
Folder 129	September-December 1795
Folder 130	James C. Johnston's essays written at Woodbury School, 1793-1796
Folder 131	January-April 1796 Undated: List of enslaved people. February 21: Letter from Nathaniel Duckenfield at Williamston to "Madam," discussing disposition of the W. Pollock's estate, which included enslaved people.
Folder 132	May-December 1796 October 29: Record of hiring out of Milley and her children, enslaved people whose labor had been purchased from the estate of John Swann by Samuel Johnston.
Folder 133	January-June 1797
Folder 134	July-December 1797
Folder 135	January-April 1798 Undated: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 136	May-August 1798 May 14: Legal document certifying that Anthony Darlet, at his death in 1798, enslaved 8 people, 1 of whom had been sold by Darlet in his lifetime but there had been no bill of sale until after his death.
Folder 137	September-December 1798
Folder 138	James C. Johnston's essays written at Princeton College, 1796-1799
Folder 139	James C. Johnston's essays written at Princeton College, 1796-1799
Folder 140	January-February 1799 Undated: List of enslaved people.
Folder 141	March-April 1799
Folder 142	May-June 1799
Folder 143	July-August 1799 August 17: List of enslaved people.
Folder 144	September-October 1799
Folder 145	November-December 1799
Folder 146	January-February 1800 Undated: List of enslaved people.
Folder 147	March-April 1800
Folder 148	May-June 1800
Folder 149	July-August 1800
Folder 150	September-October 1800
Folder 151	November-December 1800
Folder 152	January-March 1801 Undated: List of enslaved people.
Folder 153	April-June 1801
Folder 154	July-September 1801
Folder 155	October-December 1801 December 1: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 156	January-March 1802 Undated: Tax receipt indicating Samuel Johnston enslaved 63 people in different counties and owned 567 acres in Martin County, N.C. March 2: Bill of sale for Patt, an enslaved woman who was sold by William Blunt through Jonas Crump to William McIntyre.
Folder 157	April-June 1802 June 10: Correspondence describing insurrection by enslaved people.
Folder 158	July-September 1802
Folder 159	October-December 1802 November 2: Record of James, who was enslaved by Samuel Johnston, in account with Josiah Relfe.
Folder 160	January-March 1803 January 25: Bill of sale for Solomon, an enslaved man of about 22 years of age who was sold by Edmund Chancy of Pasquotank County, N.C., to Samuel Johnston in Martin County, N.C.
Folder 161	April-June 1803
Folder 162	July-September 1803
Folder 163	October-December 1803
Folder 164	January-March 1804 Undated: List of enslaved people. January 3: Record of hiring out of Bowden, an enslaved person whose labor had been purchased from the estate of Henry Joyner through the executor Benjamin Pope by Samuel Johnston. January 7: Bill of sale for Hannah, an enslaved person sold by the estate of Abraham Wiley through its executor William T. Muse of Pasquotank County, N.C., to James Cathcart Johnston in Martin County, N.C. January 24: Record of hiring out of an enslaved person whose labor was purchased through Kenneth Clark by W. Smith for William McKenzie. The enslaver may have been Thomas Rhodes. February 1: Record of hiring out of Sue, an enslaved woman whose labor had been purchased from Edward Byrd by William McKenzie. February 14: Letter from John Beasley in Edenton concerning the hiring out of Ronden, who was enslaved to the estate of D. Dickinson.
Folder 165	April-June 1804
Folder 166	July-September 1804
Folder 167	October-December 1804
Folder 168	January-February 1805
Folder 169	March-April 1805
Folder 170	May-June 1805
Folder 171	July 1805
Folder 172	September-October 1805
Folder 173	November-December 1805
Folder 174	January-March 1806
Folder 175	April-June 1806
Folder 176	July-September 1806
Folder 177	October-December 1806 October 15: Bill of sale for Tom, an enslaved person who was sold by John McDonald of Pasquotank County, N.C., to James Cathcart Johnston of Martin County, N.C.
Folder 178	January-March 1807 Undated: List of enslaved people.
Folder 179	April-June 1807
Folder 180	July-September 1807
Folder 181	October-December 1807 October (undated): List of articles purchased for James Cathcart Johnston in New York, including blankets for enslaved people. October 3: Receipt indicating that William M. Clark had received 100 dollars belonging to John Butler, a free person of color, to keep for him. William McKenzie transferred Butler's money to Clark.
Folder 182	January-April 1808 February 3: Correspondence in which the controversy over slavery is discussed.
Folder 183	May-August 1808
Folder 184	September-December 1808
Folder 185	January-April 1809
Folder 186	May-August 1809 August 11: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people. August 14: Account record documenting hiring out of Cancer, an enslaved person whose labor was purchased from William Smith by James Cathcart Johnston. August 22: Record of hiring out of Mike, an enslaved person whose labor was purchased from Dr. A. Knox by William McKenzie. William Clark brokered the trafficking of Mike.
Folder 187	September-December 1809 November 7: Bill of sale for Mingo, an enslaved person who was purchased from Thomas Bennett of Martin County, N.C., by Samuel Johnston of Martin County, N.C. December 9: Bill of sale for Jacob, an enslaved person who was purchased from R. Whitaker by William McKenzie. The sale originally took place 1 March 1809. December 26: Letter of contract from Josiah White, Abraham Symons, and H. P. Redding to Penelope Swan, in which they pledged to serve as guarantors for Hannibal, an enslaved person who was purchasing his freedom from Swan. December 27: Bill of sale for Davis, an enslaved blacksmith who was purchased from William M. Clark of Martin County, N.C., by Samuel Johnston of Martin County, N.C.
Folder 188	January-March 1810 Unedited transcriptions are available for some of the digitized versions of items in this folder at From the Page: Hayes Collection: folder 188: January-March 1810. Undated: List of enslaved people. Undated: List of enslaved people. January 2: Letter from a lawyer in Williamston to W. J. Muse, providing legal counsel as to how to transfer ownership of Hannibal from Penelope Swann to Josiah White, Abraham Symons, and H. P. Redding so that they might emancipate him. January 2: Receipt for purchase of shoes for enslaved people by James Johnston from William Watts.
Folder 189	April-June 1810
Folder 190	July-September 1810
Folder 191	October-December 1810 December 6: List of enslaved people. December 10: Promissory note related to the sale of Dinah, who was enslaved to the estate of John B. Hunter in Martin County, N.C., and sold to Margaret McKenzie. James Cathcart Johnston and Winifred W. Hunter brokered the trafficking of Dinah. December 14: Bill of sale for Sarah and her four children, an enslaved family who were sold by the estate of John B. Hunter in Martin County, N.C., by Margaret McKenzie. December 15: Bill of sale for Dinah, an enslaved person who was sold by the estate of John B. Hunter in Martin County, N.C., to Margaret McKenzie. Winifred W. Hunter brokered the trafficking of Dinah. December 17: Promissory note related to the sale of Sarah and her four children, an enslaved family who were sold by the estate of John B. Hunter in Martin County, N.C., by Margaret McKenzie. James Cathcart Johnston and Winifred W. Hunter brokered the trafficking of Sarah and her children.

Expand/collapse Subseries 1.1.3. Johnston Family Papers, 1811-1865.

About 8,250 items.

Arrangement: chronological.

Chiefly business and personal correspondence and financial and legal papers concerning the operation of James Cathcart Johnston's plantations and his involvement in the shipping industry. Financial materials include account sheets; inventories; bills of sale for enslaved people; bills of lading; receipts for overseers wages and medical treatments for both Johnston's family and the people he enslaved; hiring out contracts for the labor of enslaved people; and tax information, including lists of enslaved people. Legal documents include land surveys and deeds, agreements and indentures, judgments and suits, and wills.

Letters of overseers, shippers, and merchants to Johnston reveal many details of plantation administration, such as farming procedures, planting and harvesting of crops, the volume of production each season, delivery of crops to various local storage firms, payments of accounts, and the supplies needed to run the plantation. Materials also document individual enslaved people and give some insights into the lived experience of enslaved people at Johnston's plantations, although chiefly from the perspective of white people. Enslaved people, for example, were permitted to raise and sell crops from their own garden plots, and often were supervised by an enslaved foreman while Johnston vacationed or took trips to his other plantations. Records also document the provision of shoes, hats, blankets, and medical care. There are also some letters and bills that indicate that enslaved people engaged in acts of resistance, including theft and self-emancipation by running away, that sometimes ended in jail time or acts of violence against them. There are some letters written by the enslaved people who were working as foremen and overseers for Johnston. Correspondence between Johnston and foremen and overseers frequently include the names of enslaved people and describe the work they performed.

Johnston's letters also discuss the successes and failures of many of his agricultural and machinery experiments. Construction projects, such as buildings at Poplar Plains (1811-1815), a new residence at Hayes, and a windmill at Hayes that was later dismantled and replaced with steam engine-powered saw, grist and flour mills, are also well documented.

Letters document the hiring of trading vessels and shipping contracts, insurance and compensation for damaged goods, interruptions in trade, market conditions and prices, and investment of profits. Other financial concerns include Johnston's investments in bank stock and treasury notes, the decline of banks and currency during the 1820s and 1830s, and the success of Johnston's lumber mill and the sale of timber.

Notable business correspondents include the following people and firms: John Wilkes, Zachariah Howell, William B. Hathaway, Henry J. Futrell, James Palmer, John Spears, and C. W. Hollowell, all overseers or managers on the plantations; Aaron, Nixon, Ben, and Peter, who were enslaved by Johnston and who acted as foremen and overseers; Angelo Garibaldo, Johnston's private river captain and shipper; Clark, Carnal and Co., John Popelston, John C. Ehringhaus, Clark, Cox and Co., James Gordon and Jacob N. Gordon, Bryan & Clark Co., J. and O. Fearing, Samuel Kissam, Bryan & Maitland Co., all wholesale houses in Plymouth, Elizabeth City and Edenton, N.C., that stored and shipped products to market; Hardy Brothers, Maitland, Kennedy and Co., commission merchants in Norfolk, Va.; Whedbee & Dickinson, commission merchants in Baltimore, M; Robert Lenox & Son, Blount & Jackson Co., Bryan & Maitland Co., Sawyer & Whedbee Co., Hicks and Smith Co., Brown and DeRosset Co., Williams, Bee and Co., John S. Bryan and Co., J. G. Hicks Co., commission merchants in New York City.

Johnston's family life is most evident in letters relating to the financial support and education provided for various relatives. Johnston paid for the education of many relatives and friends, particularly the Iredell grandchildren of his aunt Hannah Iredell and the Alston and Johnston grandchildren of his uncle John Johnston. Letters from Thomas Johnston detail the life of a student at the University of North Carolina between 1819 and 1821 and his apprenticeship to study medicine in Hillsborough. In 1820, Wooton Wright Hawkes wrote about his education and his impression of the people in Paris. Annie Iredell wrote several letters in 1831 describing her courses of study while in Philadelphia, Pa.

Beginning in 1838 correspondence focuses on Joseph Blount, who suffered from mental illness. Letters provide insight into the medical treatment of and social attitudes towards mental illness during this period. Charles Evans of the Friends Asylum in Philadelphia, Pa., detailed Blount's mental health and treatments, and provided recommendations for his future well-being. Blount wrote many letters concerning his health and daily activities, and Johnston received reports from family members and friends that expressed concern regarding Blount's outward behavior.

Other notable personal correspondents include members of the Alston and John T. Johnston families, who migrated to Tennessee and Mississippi in the 1830s and wrote of their experiences; Ebenezer Pettigrew and William S. Pettigrew, who often wrote of their opinions on local politics, plantation management, and slavery; and James Johnston Pettigrew, who gave detailed accounts of his European tour and his opinions on antebellum Charleston society.

During his leisure hours, Johnston traveled a great deal. He frequently journeyed to New York City and Saratoga Springs to visit friends. In 1845, he leased a cabin at White Sulphur Springs in Greenbrier County, Va., and thereafter became a regular summer and fall visitor to this and other fashionable mountain resorts in Virginia. In 1859, he bought a farm at Cedar Creek in Bath County, Va., built a house and log cabins, and began planting crops. However, the outbreak of the Civil War curtailed his plans to create a mountain retreat.

Beginning in 1860, correspondence documents the social unrest caused by political tensions between the North and the South. As early as June, James Johnston Pettigrew wrote of his fear that this discord would eventually erupt in war. Letters from correspondents in New York and Baltimore reflect the state of politics and the disruptions in trade as early as November. Johnston's letters to friends and business partners are highly critical of the Secession Movement of 1860-1861.

In 1861, letters concern banks and banking, stocks and bonds, and the fluctuations in the value of currency. Frequent letters from Captain Angelo Gariboldo document the state of trade and shipping during the early years of the war.

Letters from overseers continue to document the management of Johnston's various plantations throughout the war, with references to acts of resistance by enslaved people, including self-emancipation and work reductions. Later correspondence mentions the drafting of enslaved people to fight in the Confederate States Army. Johnston's correspondence with Henry Futrell and C. W. Hollowell share opinions on the war and slavery.

There are very few letters from soldiers, but letters from business associates and family members describe military engagements and reflect on the effects of the war on society. Letters from William Hardy of Norfolk, Va., document the burning of the Naval yard, blockade of the harbor, and arrival of troops in 1861. Letters from women, particularly of the Iredell family, often relay news received from sons on the battlefield.

Throughout the Civil War, James C. Johnston lived at Hayes with his cousin, James Cathcart Johnston Jr., and his wife, who helped with the management of the plantation. Edenton, like many other southern towns, suffered from pillaging by "Buffaloes" (civilians with Union allegiances), Union soldiers, and Confederate guerrillas, and fear of these attacks lead James Cathcart Johnston Jr. and his wife to flee the plantation on three separate occasions. In 1863, following the third such incident, Johnston hired a man to help him manage his mills, farmed with the help of friends, and bought small lots of land to get rid of his worthless paper securities. He also wrote his will, in which he gave his real and personal property to three friends and made them co-executors of his estate. Edward Wood, an Edenton businessman, received his Chowan County property, including Hayes. Christopher W. Hollowell, a resident of Pasquotank County who had managed Johnston's farms in that area was given Poplar Plains and the other Pasquotank properties. Caledonia's manager, Henry J. Futrell, inherited the property in Halifax and Northampton counties.

In the summer of 1864, Union forces raided Hayes. Johnston subsequently demanded protection and the military government issued him a safeguard. It stated that Johnston was a "loyal and well disposed citizen" and that the Union forces were to respect his person and property. At the end of the war, most of Johnston's properties emerged relatively unscathed.

Johnston died in 1865. His cousins challenged the legitimacy of his will and its accompanying letters of instruction written to the executors, claiming that Johnston had been mentally unstable when he had written the will and the letters. The will was finally established as legal in 1867, but the estate was not settled until 1871 because additional suits were brought against its executors. For more information on the settling of the Johnston estate see the Wood family papers (Series 2.1.1).

Folder 192	January 1811 January 5: Bill of sale for Jerry, Priscilla (otherwise "Silla") and her children James and Ferebee, enslaved people who were sold by William T. Muse of Pasquotank County, N.C., to James Cathcart Johnston of Martin County. Muse had purchased Jerry, Priscilla, James, and Ferebee from the estate of Frederick Davis. Undated: List of enslaved people with amounts of credit next to names.
Folder 193	February 1811
Folder 194	March 1811 March 2: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 195	April 1811
Folder 196	May 1811
Folder 197	June 1811 June 16: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston in Williamston, N.C., to Abel Hines Jr., a hatter in New Milford, Conn., requesting a supply of wool hats for enslaved people. Verso of the letter includes a list of 40 enslaved people; 1 of the females is noted to have 3 children; 4 other females are noted with either an age or the number of children they have. June 29: List of enslaved people, with names; for some individuals, work skills, number of children, and disability are noted.
Folder 198	July 1811
Folder 199	August 1811 August 7: Letter from Abel Hine Jr., a hatter in New Millford, Conn., to James Cathcart Johnston in Williamston, N.C., confirming that he will send 12 dozen wool hats for enslaved people.
Folder 200	September 1811 September 9: Receipt for labor of Pompy and bricks that James Cathcart Johnston bought from James Cunningham, a free Black businessman in Edenton.
Folder 201	October 1811
Folder 202	November 1811 November 20: List of enslaved people.
Folder 203	December 1811
Folder 204	January 1812 Undated: List of enslaved people.
Folder 205	February 1812 Undated: List of enslaved people. February 13: Letter from John B. Blount in Edenton to James Cathcart Johnston at Hermitage near Williamston, regarding Miller, an enslaved person who was sold by Dr. Knox through Mr. Bush of Halifax County, N.C. and J. Clark, to Mrs. W. Kinzer. The letter also states that Miller was mortgaged by Dr. Knox to Mr. Muse. February 23: Letter from William J. Muse at Pasquotonk to James Cathcart Johnston at Williamston, regarding refusal of Penelope Swann to accept the bill of sale for Hannibal, an enslaved person, and the resulting complications to his emancipation. February 24: Receipt for interest paid on the purchase of enslaved people by James Cathcart Johnston from Penelope Swann. February 28: Bill of sale for Robin, Tom, Charles, York, Cancer, George, Levi, Ishmael, Sam, Isaiah, James, Edmound, Stephen, Tamer and six children, Milly and three children, Lemon and three children, Julia, Mary, Penny and two children, Betsy, "Old" Cancer, John Violet, Patima, Currituck, James, Isaac, Reuben, Dick, Moses, and Jerry, all of whom were enslaved people who were sold by Penelope Swann in Martin County, N.C., to James Cathcart Johnston in Martin County, N.C.
Folder 206	March 1812
Folder 207	April 1812
Folder 208	May 1812 May 9: Receipt for court fees related to the emancipation of Hannibal that were payed by James Cathcart Johnston to H. B. Hunter. May 23: List of people enslaved by Will Blair, including Geof, Ben, Pomp, Jacob, Will, Atlas, Edmund, Jude, Pat and her three children (George, Marianne, and Serena), and Suk and her two children (Abraham and Maria). Blair noted that one of the people enslaved by him was not listed as he had self-emancipated.
Folder 209	June 1812
Folder 210	July 1812
Folder 211	August 1812
Folder 212	September 1812 September 8: Record of James Cathcart Johnston in account with Booz Barrod for purchases of shoes and shoe repairs for enslaved people who are listed by name.
Folder 213	November 1812
Folder 214	December 1812 December 28: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 215	January-March 1813 January 25: Correspondence in which the controversy over slavery is discussed. January 27: Record of hiring out of Cato, who was enslaved to James Cathcart Johnston, to Benjamin Folks and to Richard Poindexter.
Folder 216	April-June 1813 April 19: Letter from George Blair in Edenton to James Cathcart Johnston, mentioning George and Sam, who were enslaved by Johnston, and that some of the enslaved people there had been sick. George also described the work done on the plantation. April 20: Letter from George Blair in Edenton to James Cathcart Johnston, asking for further communication, and mentioning an enclosed memorandum from Sam, who was enslaved by Johnston. April 26: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 217	July-September 1813 July 8: Letter from Sam to his enslaver James Cathcart Johnston in Williamston, discussing communications with the bricklayer who would work on the chimney and the poor condition of the crops due to drought. September 22: Letter from Robert H. Smith to James Cathcart Johnston, mentioning Field, an enslaved person who was married to Penney. Smith inquired about purchasing Penney and her youngest child.
Folder 218	October-December 1813 October 9: Letter from Peter B. Martin in Cedar Landing to James Cathcart Johnston in Edenton, regarding the hiring of Cato, who was enslaved to Johnston, by Mrs. Folks. Cato was hired as a builder.
Folder 219	January-March 1814 February 16: List of enslaved people. March (undated): List of enslaved people.
Folder 220	April-June 1814
Folder 221	July-September 1814 July 1: Bill of sale for James, an enslaved person who was sold by Myles Davis of Pasquotank County, N.C., to James Cathcart Johnston in Martin County, N.C.
Folder 222	October-December 1814 November 4: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 223	January-March 1815
Folder 224	April-June 1815 May (undated): List of enslaved people. May 4: List of enslaved people.
Folder 225	July-September 1815
Folder 226	October-December 1815
Folder 227	January-April 1816 Undated: John Parker's receipt for payment for protection of people enslaved by James Cathcart Johnston. Undated: 3 lists of enslaved people and amount of corn harvested by each.
Folder 228	May-August 1816
Folder 229	September-December 1816 November (undated): List of enslaved people.
Folder 230	January-February 1817 Undated: Tax list documenting that James Cathcart Johnston enslaved 42 people in Halifax County, and Margaret McKenzie enslaved 20 people. January 6: Record of provisions provided to Hanah, Milley, and Pegey(?), who were enslaved by James Cathcart Johnston. January 7: Record of hiring out of Dave, an enslaved person whose labor was purchased from Reuban Cavnal (?) by James Cathcart Johnston.
Folder 231	March-April 1817 March 19: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people. April 7: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 232	May-June 1817 June 5: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 233	July-August 1817
Folder 234	September-October 1817 October 27: Bill of sale for Tom, an enslaved person sold by Durham Davis of Martin County, N.C., to Penelope Swann. James Cathcart Johnston brokered the trafficking of Tom.
Folder 235	November-December 1817 November 10: Receipt for the hiring out of London and Hannibal, enslaved people whose labor was purchased from D. McDonald by James Cathcart Johnston. November 11: Bill of sale for Shaderick, an enslaved boy who was sold by Maragret McKenzie to James Cathcart Johnston. November 24: Message from James Cathcart Johnston to James R. Creery, requesting flannel be sent with Mingo, an enslaved person who carried messages and goods for Johnston.
Folder 236	January 1818 January 1: Record of hiring out of Harry, an enslaved person whose labor was purchased from Edmond Hoskins by James Cathcart Johnston. January 29: Bill of sale for Dick, an enslaved boy who was sold by John W. Littlejohn and John Little, executors of the estate of William Littlejohn, to James Cathcart Johnston. Undated: Letter (fragment), that mentions that the will, possibly that of Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), intended for the plantations and enslaved people to be kept together. Undated: List of enslaved people and corn made and delivered by each.
Folder 237	February 1818
Folder 238	March 1818
Folder 239	April 1818
Folder 240	May 1818
Folder 241	June 1818
Folder 242	July 1818 July 22: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 243	August 1818
Folder 244	September 1818
Folder 245	October 1818 October 6: Letter from William LesGray to James Catchart Johnston, reporting that a woman enslaved by Amos Ragner wished to be purchased by Johnston or LesGray in order to be closer to her husband.
Folder 246	November 1818 November 21: Letter from Charlton Y. Mowby in Northampton County to James Cathcart Johnston in Edenton, concerning Jim, Isaac, and Frank, enslaved people who had self-emancipated but had been captured and returned to Northampton County, N.C. Frank was enslaved by Johnston and was found at Connoconary Swamp. It is not clear to whom Jim and Isaac were enslaved. At the time of this letter, two enslaved women who also had self-emancipated remained at liberty.
Folder 247	December 1818
Folder 248	January 1819
Folder 249	February 1819 February 16: a receipt for prison charges for a woman enslaved by James C. Johnston. The fee was paid to Joshua Daffin by Charlton Yellowby.
Folder 250	March 1819
Folder 251	April 1819
Folder 252	May 1819
Folder 253	June 1819
Folder 254	July 1819
Folder 255	August 1819
Folder 256	September 1819
Folder 257	October 1819 October 10: Record of clothing and household furnishings for enslaved people. October 15: Bill for medical care provided by Dr. Griffith to Stephen, who was enslaved by James Cathcart Johnson, while Stephen was jailed at Norfolk County, N.C. October 15: Bill from William Barnard of Norfolk County for expenses relating to advertising, apprehension, and jailing of Stephen, who was enslaved by James Cathcart Johnstson.
Folder 258	November 1819
Folder 259	December 1819 December 4: Letter from Thomas B. Littlejohn in Oxford, N.C., to James Johnston at Hayes, requesting information about hiring out of Guy, a sawyer who was enslaved to Mrs. Alston in Edenton. At the time Guy's labor was already hired out to Moses Watkins, a free Black person. December 26: Record with terms of hiring out of enslaved people from the estate of Samuel Johnston by William Britton. December 26: Record of clothing and household furnishings for enslaved people.
Folder 260	January 1820
Folder 261	February 1820
Folder 262	March 1820 March 18: Bill of sale for Jinny, an enslaved woman sold by Mary R. Hardison of Washington County, N.C., to James Cathcart Johnston of Chowan County, N.C.
Folder 263	April 1820 April 24: Receipt for expenses related to ferriage of an enslaved boy to Plymouth, N.C.
Folder 264	May 1820 May 4: Bill for supporting Poll and her three children, who were enslaved to the orphaned heirs of Samuel W. Johnston. May 27: Letter from John Johnston at Plymouth to James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes, discussing hiring terms for a person enslaved to his father's estate who suffered from a cancer on his foot. The enslaved person's labor had been hired out to Benjamin T. Slade.
Folder 265	June 1820 June 17: Letter from Joseph Bount to James C. Johnston, concerning Stephen, an enslaved person who had self-emancipated but had been captured and jailed at Norfolk. The letter explains the terms of gaining Stephen's release from the jail.
Folder 266	July 1820
Folder 267	August 1820 August (undated): List of enslaved people.
Folder 268	September 1820
Folder 269	October 1820 October 30: Letter from John Hollowell at Poplar Plains to James Cathcart Johnston near Edenton, reporting that Sam, who was enslaved by Johnston, apparently had engaged in acts of resistance and was thought to be intending to self-emancipate by running away to Juniper Swamp until Hollowell had him jailed. The letter was carried to Johnston by London, who was enslaved by Johnston.
Folder 270	November 1820
Folder 271	December 1820 December 25: List of enslaved people; record of clothing and household furnishings for enslaved people.
Folder 272	Jannuary 1821
Folder 273	February 1821 February 27: Letter from John Hollowell at Poplar Plains to James Cathcart Johnston in Chowan County, concerning Jack, an enslaved person at Salem, who reportedly self-emancipated on February 10, possibly to Edenton to see Lucy, who already was in a romantic relationship with Abraham. Jack, presumably another person enslaved by Johnston, and George, who was enslaved by Mrs. Blount, are also mentioned.
Folder 274	March 1821
Folder 275	April 1821
Folder 276	May 1821 May 3: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 277	June 1821 June 22: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 278	July 1821
Folder 279	August 1821
Folder 280	September 1821
Folder 281	October 1821
Folder 282	November 1821
Folder 283	December 1821
Folder 284	1-15 January 1822 January 5: Record of terms of hiring out of labor of people enslaved to the estate of Samuel Johnston to various individuals. January 10: Inventory documenting that James Cathcart Johnston enslaved 145 people on the Roanoke River in Halifax County: 47 enslaved people were at the upper plantation; 60 enslaved people were at the middle plantation; and 38 enslaved people were at the lower plantation.
Folder 285	16-31 January 1822
Folder 286	February 1822
Folder 287	March 1822 March 11: Record of clothing and household furnishings for enslaved people.
Folder 288	April 1822
Folder 289	May 1822
Folder 290	June 1822 June 27: List of enslaved people related to taxes paid in Pasquotank County.
Folder 291	July 1822
Folder 292	August 1822
Folder 293	September 1822
Folder 294	October 1822
Folder 295	November 1822
Folder 296	December 1822
Folder 297	January-February 1823
Folder 298	March-April 1823 March 20: Letter from John C. Ehringhaus in Elizabeth City to James Cathcart Johnston at Edenton, describing a trial that occurred as a result of an encounter between Barnes Jackson, the son of Malachi Jackson, and four enslaved people, including Jim, who was enslaved to James Cathcart Johnston, on a road between the Hollowell's house and the slave quarters at Poplar Plains. Jim allegedly fought Barnes Jackson when Jackson attempted to take the enslaved woman into his custody and then allegedly stole the saddle from Jackson's horse. Includes discussion of legal considerations of jailing and bail for an enslaved person. March 24: Letter from Lemuel Long to James Cathcart Johnston, advising that Jim, an enslaved person who was sold by William McKenzie to Long's father, had sued for his freedom in the high court of chancery in Richmond district. March 25: Letter from John Hollowell at Poplar Plains to James Cathcart Johnston, with further discussion of the case, or lack thereof, against Jim, who was enslaved to Johnston. Hollowell also reported that he had sent equipment by Jim, presumably a different person who was enslaved to Johnston. April 7: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 299	May-June 1823
Folder 300	July-August 1823 July 16: List of enslaved people.
Folder 301	September-October 1823
Folder 302	November-December 1823
Folder 303	1-15 January 1824
Folder 304	16-31 January 1824
Folder 305	February 1824
Folder 306	March 1824
Folder 307	April 1824
Folder 308	May 1824
Folder 309	1-15 June 1824
Folder 310	16-30 June 1824
Folder 311	July 1824
Folder 312	August 1824
Folder 313	September 1824
Folder 314	October 1824
Folder 315	November 1824
Folder 316	December 1824
Folder 317	January 1825 Undated: List of enslaved people. January 13: Bill of sale for Jacob, an enslaved person who was sold from the estate of William T. Muse in Pasquotank County, N.C., to James Cathcart Johnston in Chowan County, N.C. William Gregory, the sheriff, brokered the trafficking of Jacob through a public auction.
Folder 318	1-15 February 1825
Folder 319	16-28 February 1825
Folder 320	March 1825
Folder 321	April 1825 April 11: Bill of sale for Jacob, an enslaved person who was sold by the estate of William J. Muse at auction to James Cathcart Johnston. William Gregory, the sheriff of Pasquotank County, N.C., brokered the trafficking of Jacob.
Folder 322	May 1825
Folder 323	June 1825
Folder 324	July 1825
Folder 325	August 1825
Folder 326	September 1825
Folder 327	October 1825
Folder 328	November 1825
Folder 329	December 1825
Folder 330	January-February 1826 January 23: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston to John Branch, defending the institution of slavery and decrying the corrupting influence of manufacturing.
Folder 331	March-April 1826
Folder 332	May-June 1826 June 2: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 333	July-August 1826
Folder 334	September-October 1826 October 22: Bill of sale for Davis, an enslaved man sold by Sarah Knox from the estate of Andrew Knox, to James Cathcart Johnston.
Folder 335	November-December 1826
Folder 336	January 1827
Folder 337	February 1827
Folder 338	March 1827
Folder 339	April 1827
Folder 340	May 1827
Folder 341	June 1827
Folder 342	July 1827
Folder 343	August 1827
Folder 344	September 1827
Folder 345	October 1827
Folder 346	November 1827
Folder 347	December 1827 December 15: Letter from Samuel Hyman to James Cathcart Johnston, concerning expenses for Dinah, an enslaved person whose labor had been hired out by Johnston to Hyman in Williamston. The letter mentiones that Dinah's husband was a recently freed Black person. December 18: David Perry, a Black man who captained a ferry, received payment for transporting pine timber near Plymouth, N.C. December 20: An account sheet of James Cathcart Johnston with John S. Bryan that includes names of enslaved people and amounts paid to them in merchandise.
Folder 348	January 1828
Folder 349	February 1828 February 10: Copies of letters from James Cathcart Johnston to Ebenezar Pettigrew and James Iredell regarding purchase of enslaved people from Tredwell through Iredell. James Cathcart Johnston offered to advance the cash for the purchase.
Folder 350	March 1828
Folder 351	April 1828
Folder 352	May 1828
Folder 353	June 1828
Folder 354	July 1828 July 21: Letter from James Cathacart Johnston to Robert Lenox in which he defended slavery against the ills of manufacturing.
Folder 355	August 1828
Folder 356	September 1828
Folder 357	October 1828
Folder 358	November 1828
Folder 359	December 1828
Folder 360	1-15 January 1829 Undated: List of enslaved people.
Folder 361	16-31 January 1829
Folder 362	February 1829
Folder 363	March 1829
Folder 364	April 1829
Folder 365	May 1829
Folder 366	June 1829
Folder 367	July 1829
Folder 368	August 1829 August 4: Letter from James Iredell in Raleigh, N.C., to James Cathcart Johnston in Halifax County, N.C., discussing sale of some of the enslaved people from the Tredwell family to Johnston and the possibility of selling other enslaved people to a speculator. August 12: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Caledonia to James Iredell confirming that he would purchase the enslaved people who had been from the Tredwell family and settle them near Edenton. He also mentioned that Peggy, who was enslaved by him, had two sons that she wanted to learn a trade. Johnston discussed training them as house carpenters and millwrights, and doing the same for the sons of Mariam, another woman enslaved by him. August 18: Letter from James Simmons to James Cathcart Johnston, documenting that Allen, Rose, Hailey, and Henry, all enslaved children, were purchased for Johnston and sent to Long's by Simmons.
Folder 369	September 1829 September 21: Bill of sale for Maryann, Tom, and Allen, who were enslaved people sold by James Iredell of Chowan County, N.C., to James Cathcart Johnston.
Folder 370	October 1829
Folder 371	November 1829
Folder 372	December 1829
Folder 373	January-February 1830 January 14: Bill of sale for Dempsey and Jacob, enslaved boys who were sold by Josiah McKist to James Cathcart Johnston. Undated: List of enslaved people.
Folder 374	March-April 1830 April 25: Bill of sale for Abraham and Sam, enslaved people who were sold by Samuel Long(?) through James Simmons at the court in Halifax County to James Cathcart Johnston.
Folder 375	May-June 1830
Folder 376	July-August 1830 July 3: Bill of sale for Cromwell, an enslaved person who was sold by John Cox in Chowan County, N.C., to James Cathcart Johnston. July 4: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to Robert Lenox, complaining about slavery.
Folder 377	September-October 1830
Folder 378	November-December 1830 December 13: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to Robert Lenox, complaining about northern firebrands who would instigate rebellion among enslaved people. Johnston mentioned the "Salem murder," a reference to the murder of Captain Joseph White, who had been involved in the trafficking of enslaved people.
Folder 379	January-February 1831 January 4: Bill of sale for Jerry, an enslaved person who was sold by William R. Norcom to James Cathcart Johnston. February 26: Letter from Thomas Haughton to James Cathcart Johnston, indicating that he had purchased Sarah, an enslaved woman who was the mother of Lucy, a girl who was enslaved to James Cathcart Johnston and the carrier of the letter.
Folder 380	March-April 1831 April 14: Bill from George Sam, a jailor, for fees for the jailing of a person enslaved by James Cathcart Johnston.
Folder 381	May-June 1831
Folder 382	July-August 1831
Folder 383	September-October 1831
Folder 384	November-December 1831
Folder 385	January-February 1832
Folder 386	March-April 1832
Folder 387	May-June 1832
Folder 388	July-August 1832
Folder 389	September-October 1832
Folder 390	November-December 1832
Folder 391	January-February 1833 February 11: Receipt, indicating that Jack, who was enslaved to James Cathcart Johnston, had been jailed. John Gatlin, F. E. White, and Miles Elliot are mentioned on the receipt.
Folder 392	March-April 1833
Folder 393	May-June 1833 June 22: Correspondence in which the controversy over slavery is discussed.
Folder 394	July-August 1833 July 5: Correspondence in which the controversy over slavery is discussed. July 8: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to Hicks & Smith, seeking their procurement of blankets and wool hats for enslaved people. July 14: Legal record witnessing that Sam, who was enslaved to James Cathcart Johnson, appeared in court for being at liberty without a permit. July 15: Letter, probably from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes, mentioning dismissal of white overseers and relying on Black overseers to save on expenses. July 22: Letter from Ebenezer Pettigrew at Lake Phelps to James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes, explaining his reticence to increasing the number of enslaved people on his land.
Folder 395	September-October 1833 October 7: Record of hiring out of George, Daniel, Dundee, Tom, Allen, and Rachel, enslaved people whose labor was purchased from Helen Iredell by James Cathcart Johnston.
Folder 396	November-December 1833 December 16: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to Robert Lenox, acknowledging that most of his land and some of the people enslaved by him had been inherited from his grandfather William Cathcart.
Folder 397	January-March 1834
Folder 398	April-June 1834 May 9: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 399	July-September 1834
Folder 400	October-December 1834 October 27: Receipt for payment of fees associated with jailing of Lidia, who was enslaved to James Cathcart Johnston. Payment was made for food, blankets, and release from jail to William D. Roscoe, sheriff, in Edenton. November 7: Correspondence in which the controversy over slavery is discussed.
Folder 401	January 1835
Folder 402	February 1835
Folder 403	March 1835
Folder 404	April 1835 April 1: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 405	May 1835
Folder 406	June 1835
Folder 407	July 1835
Folder 408	August 1835 August 8: Letter from John T. Johnston in Hillsborough, N.C., to James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes, commenting on the insurrection by enslaved people in Mississippi. August 31: Receipt for payment of fees associated with jailing of Harvey, who was enslaved by James Cathcart Johnston. Payment was received by James Pruden.
Folder 409	September 1835
Folder 410	October 1835
Folder 411	November 1835
Folder 412	December 1835 December 29: Bill of sale for Sarah and her children Harry and Penelope, enslaved people who were sold by the estate of William B. Roberts in Chowan County, N.C., to James Cathcart Johnston of Chowan County, N.C. William D. Roscoe and James Wills as executors of the estate brokered the trafficking of Sarah and her children.
Folder 413	January 1836
Folder 414	February 1836
Folder 415	March 1836
Folder 416	1-15 April 1836
Folder 417	16-30 April 1836 April 24: Correspondence in which the controversy over slavery is discussed.
Folder 418	1-15 May 1836
Folder 419	16-31 May 1836
Folder 420	June 1836
Folder 421	July 1836 July 16: List of names of enslaved people is written on a letter from Bryan Marlton in Plymouth to James Cathcart Johnston in Edenton.
Folder 422	August 1836
Folder 423	September 1836 September 8: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to John I. Bryan and Co., seeking procurement of 12 dozen hats and 16 dozen blankets for enslaved people, as well as other goods.
Folder 424	October 1836
Folder 425	November 1836
Folder 426	December 1836
Folder 427	January 1837
Folder 428	February 1837
Folder 429	March 1837 March 28: Record of the hiring out and then the sale of Ned, who was enslaved to the estate of Ann Clark, to James Cathcart Johnston.
Folder 430	April 1837
Folder 431	May 1837 May 22: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 432	June 1837
Folder 433	July 1837
Folder 434	1-15 August 1837 August 3: Letter from Michael Ferrall at Halifax to James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes, reporting that Mr. Garris and people enslaved by Johnston had been in town making purchases for the summer. Ferrall reported on what he observed of the enslaved people and what he heard from Garris, including that Peggy, an enslaved woman, had absented herself from work, but turned herself in to Ferrall, who had returned her to Caledonia. August 8: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 435	16-31 August 1837
Folder 436	September 1837
Folder 437	October 1837
Folder 438	November 1837
Folder 439	December 1837
Folder 440	January 1838
Folder 441	February 1838
Folder 442	March 1838
Folder 443	April 1838
Folder 444	May 1838
Folder 445	June 1838
Folder 446	July 1838 July 16: Letter from Ebenezer Pettigrew at Lake Phelps to James Cathcart Johnston, discussing his perspective on the effect of religion on the conduct of enslaved people at the Lake.
Folder 447	August 1838 August 23: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 448	September 1838
Folder 449	October 1838
Folder 450	November 1838 November 21: Bill of sale of Jack, an enslaved person who was sold by William J. Muse of Chowan County, N.C., to James Cathcart Johnston.
Folder 451	December 1838
Folder 452	January-February 1839
Folder 453	March-April 1839
Folder 454	May-June 1839
Folder 455	July-August 1839 August 6: Letter from James Blount Cheshire in Flat Rock to James Cathcart Johnston, reporting that he would bring the Christian faith to the enslaved people at Deveraux's plantation.
Folder 456	September-October 1839
Folder 457	November-December 1839
Folder 458	January-March 1840
Folder 459	April-June 1840 May 9: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 460	July-September 1840
Folder 461	October-December 1840
Folder 462	January-March 1841
Folder 463	April-June 1841
Folder 464	July-September 1841
Folder 465	October-December 1841
Folder 466	January-February 1842
Folder 467	March-April 1842
Folder 468	May-June 1842
Folder 469	July-August 1842
Folder 470	September-October 1842
Folder 471	November-December 1842
Folder 472	January-March 1843 January 25: Letter from Charles Evans in Philadelphia to James Cathcart Johnston in Edenton, discussing resettlement conditions for free Black people in Liberia, Trinidad, and Jamaica. Fred Hinton, a free Black man, is mentioned as leading an agency discontinued for lack of interest in emigration among the Black population of the city. Other resettlement communities mentioned include Wilberforce, Canada; Mercer County, Ohio; Grand River, Michigan; and a settlement near to Cincinnati, Ohio.
Folder 473	April-June 1843
Folder 474	July-September 1843
Folder 475	October-December 1843 November 3: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 476	January-February 1844 January 5: List of enslaved people, with amount of credit available to them to purchase goods from J. and O. Fearing in Elizabeth City. January 22: Letter from Charles Evans in Philadelphia to James Cathcart Johnston in Edenton, discussing resettlement conditions for Black people in Cape Palmas, Liberia.
Folder 477	March-April 1844
Folder 478	May-June 1844 May 20: Letter from Ebenezer Pettigrew at Magnolia to James Cathcart Johnston, mentioning that there were enslaved and white people who were confirmed at the chapel at Lake Scuppernong.
Folder 479	July-August 1844 July 12: List of enslaved people with itemized purchases from Barney Tisdale in Elizabeth City.
Folder 480	September-October 1844
Folder 481	November-December 1844
Folder 482	January 1845 Undated: List of enslaved people on Chowan County, N.C., tax receipt for 1844.
Folder 483	February 1845
Folder 484	March 1845
Folder 485	April 1845
Folder 486	May 1845
Folder 487	June 1845
Folder 488	July 1845
Folder 489	August 1845
Folder 490	September 1845 September 11: Letter from Hardy & Rioche at Norfolk to James Cathcart Johnston at Barnum's Hotel in Baltimore, responding to Johnston's request for blankets for enslaved people. Description of the blanket is provided.
Folder 491	October 1845
Folder 492	November 1845
Folder 493	December 1845 December 31: Letter from William S. Pettigrew at Belgradia to James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes, mentioning Peter, who was enslaved by Johnston and worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County.
Folder 494	January-February 1846
Folder 495	March-April 1846
Folder 496	May-June 1846 May 21: Letter from William S. Pettigrew at Belgradia to James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes, commenting on the community of enslaved people at Pasquotank.
Folder 497	July-August 1846 July 25: Record of James Cathcart Johnston in account with R. Howell & Son, for clothing purchased for enslaved people. Hanible, Mary, Sophy, Pinkey, Allen, London, Silvey, Billy, Nancy, Cat, Davy, Solomon, Alfred, Alphus, Astin, Wiley, Peter, Tom, George, Jim, Ned, and Nixon, all of whom were enslaved by Johnston, are mentioned.
Folder 498	September-October 1846
Folder 499	November-December 1846
Folder 500	January 1847 January 24: Letter from W. J. Hardy in Norfolk to James Cathcart Johnston, mentioning Peter, who was enslaved by Johnston and worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County.
Folder 501	February 1847
Folder 502	March 1847
Folder 503	April 1847
Folder 504	May 1847
Folder 505	June 1847
Folder 506	July 1847 July 5: Letter from W. J. Hardy in Norfolk to James Cathcart Johnston, mentioning Peter, who was enslaved by Johnston and worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank. July 24: Accounting sheet for James Cathcart Johnston with names of enslaved people and the goods acquired on Johnston's credit at Howell & Son.
Folder 507	August 1847
Folder 508	September 1847
Folder 509	October 1847
Folder 510	November 1847
Folder 511	December 1847
Folder 512	January-February 1848
Folder 513	March-April 1848
Folder 514	May-June 1848 June 18: Letter from Peter to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. His letter reports on work at the plantation and mentions Osbourne, Nixon, Bithy(?), and Hannah, who also were enslaved by Johnston.
Folder 515	July-August 1848
Folder 516	September-October 1848 September 21: Letter from William S. Pettigrew at Magnolia to James Cathcart Johnston at Norfolk explaining his intention of becoming better acquainted with the community of enslaved people after his father had died. Pettigrew also reported on the terms of his father's estate.
Folder 517	November-December 1848 December 7: Letter from William S. Pettigrew at Belgrade to James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes, mentioning Henry, an enslaved overseer at Magnolia, and Moses, an enslaved overseer at Belgrade. Pettigrew also explained his preference for not hiring white overseers.
Folder 518	January 1849 January 2: Account sheet for Jack Johnson, a free Black person, with Dr. James Norcom. January 6: Account sheet for Jack Johnston, a free Black person, with R. Howell & Son. January 6: List of enslaved people with credit at R. Howell & Son. January 8: Record of medical treatment by William C. Warren of people enslaved by James Cathcart Johnston.
Folder 519	February 1849
Folder 520	March 1849
Folder 521	April 1849 April 7: Letter from Peter to his enslaver James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. His letter reports on work at the plantation and mentions Prince, Daniel, and Nixon, who were also enslaved by Johnston. April 16: Letter from James Johnston Pettigrew at Charleston to James Cathcart Johnston, mentioning slavery meetings and disunion speeches, wine, armed guards to protect against a Black-led resistance, and repercussions for Black people caught out without a pass.
Folder 522	May 1849 May 13: Letter from W. B. Hathaway to James Cathcart Johnston at Edenton, mentioning Duke and his son Tom, and Betsy, who were enslaved people.
Folder 523	June 1849
Folder 524	July 1849 July 30: Accounting sheet for James Cathcart Johnston with names of enslaved people and the goods acquired on Johnston's credit at Howell & Son. July 29: Correspondence in which the controversy over slavery is discussed.
Folder 525	August 1849
Folder 526	September 1849 September 1: Letter from William S. Pettigrew at Magnolia to James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes in which Jim, who was enslaved by William S. Pettigrew, is identified as a carpenter. Pettigrew reported on cholera and plans to build more housing for enslaved people, and commented on the impact of climate on plantation management.
Folder 527	October 1849 October 10: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people. October 27: Letter from Peter to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. His letter describes work on the plantation and also mentions Ben, who was enslaved by Johnston.
Folder 528	November 1849 November 6: Letter from Peter to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. Peter reported on slavery patrollers who had harrassed him after violently attacking Solomon and Moses, who were enslaved people. He named Martin Cochrane and James Cartwright as the patrollers. Dinah, an enslaved person, is also mentioned in the letter.
Folder 529	December 1849
Folder 530	January 1850
Folder 531	February 1850
Folder 532	March 1850 March 7: Correspondence in which the controversy over slavery is discussed.
Folder 533	April 1850 April 5: Letter from Peter to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston from Poplar Plains. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. Peter wrote about the illness of fellow enslaved persons and the conditions on the plantation.
Folder 534	May 1850
Folder 535	June 1850 June 1: Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. His letter reports on conditions at the plantation and also mentions Dinah, who was enslaved to Johnston. June 15: Letter from James to his cousin James Cathcart Johnston, seemingly in the place of a customary letter from Peter, an enlsaved person who worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. James mentioned that many enslaved people were experiencing bowel complaints and noted the conditions on the plantation. June 22: Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. Peter wrote about the improving health of his fellow enslaved people, the conditions on the plantation (including the Sawyer field) and a Mr. Watkins who borrowed his horse. June 29: Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. Peter wrote about the sickness of his fellow enslaved persons and the conditions on the plantation (including the Sawyer field). Peter also mentioned his own crops of corn and oats. June 29: Letter from William S. Pettigrew at Magnolia to James Cathcart Johnston at Edenton describing work on his plantation by enslaved people.
Folder 536	1-15 July 1850 July 13: Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. His letter reports on conditions at the plantation. July 13: Letter from James Sawyer at Poplar Plains to James Cathcart Johnston at White Sulphur Springs, Greenbriar County, Va., in which many enslaved people are identified and the work they performed July 6-12 is described. July 15: Letter from S. J. Johnston in Edenton to James Cathcart Johnston at White Sulphur Springs in Green Brier County, Va., reporting that Joe and Betty, who were enslaved to W. Bockover, had been accused of stealing 12,000 dollars from their enslaver. George Lowther, who was enslaved to W. Lowther, was accused of being an accomplice.
Folder 537	16-31 July 1850 July 23: Letter from Aaron at Hayes near Edenton to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Aaron worked as a foreman or overseer at Hayes. Aaron wrote about the health of his fellow enslaved people, including that of Mother, Polly, Mary, Eliza and his father. He also noted the conditions on the plantation and mentioned Margaret Johnston. July 27: Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County, N.C. Peter wrote that he and his fellow enslaved people were sick. He mentioned his own crop of corn, which he was packing and shipping. Peter also wrote about his oats and peas, and that the wet weather, though impeding planting, gave him time to get better. July 28: Letter from Margaret Ann Johnston at Hayes to her enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Margaret wrote that her mother was sick and that her sister Betsy who was at Nags Head wished to come see her. Margaret also noted the conditions her Uncle Jacob was facing after a storm and that Elizabeth had received a piece of cloth after getting married. Betty, Maria, Aaron, Elizabeth, Eliza, Lida, Jacob, and Osbourne are also mentioned. Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter wrote to clarify an issue that had arisen between Mr. Sawyer and himself. He noted that Sawyer was giving Manuel, an enslaved person, and himself trouble. However, Peter assured Johnston that he could manage the problem until Johnston's return. Peter included a letter to Hardy Brothers about his corn shipment bound for Norfolk. Peter mentioned visiting Mr. Hollowell who was recently sick but since recovered.
Folder 538	August 1850 August 3: Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County, N.C. Peter wrote about the conditions on the plantation and his work with six other unnamed enslaved people to plough a field. Peter noted that some of his fellow enslaved people were sick but had since recovered. He mentioned his own crop of corn, oats and peas and recounted using his hogs in the oat patch after harvest. August 8: Correspondence in which the controversy over slavery is discussed. August 11: Letter from Peter to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter wrote about labor, crops, and conditions at the plantation. August 18: Letter from Peter to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter wrote about labor, crops, and conditions at the plantation. August 18: Letter from John C. Ehringhaus to James Cathcart Johnston at Bath, mentioning Peter. August 18: Letter from James Sawyer to James Cathcart Johnston at Bath, Va., in which many enslaved people are identified and the work they performed at Poplar Plains is described. August 25: Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter wrote about work completed and planned at the plantation. Andrew, Washington, Hannibal, and Tom are mentioned. August 28: Letter from Aaron at Hayes near Edenton to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Aaron worked as a foreman or overseer at Hayes. Aaron wrote about the conditions on the plantation and the health of the enslaved people there, including that of Nixon, Nancy and her grandchild. Aaron also mentioned the work Nixon and his father had been doing.
Folder 539	1-15 September 1850 September 1: Letter from Peter to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as the foreman at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. Peter wrote about labor, crops, and conditions at the plantation. September 14: Plantation journal entry in which enslaved people (and possibly free Black people) are identified and the work they performed, probably at Poplar Plains. The entry was written by James Sawyer. September 15: Letter from Sam I. Johnston in Edenton to James Cathcart Johnston. Osbourne, Aaron, and Maria, who were enslaved by James Cathcart Johnston, are mentioned as providing nursing care to Sam I. Johnston while he was sick. September 15: Letter from Peter to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter wrote about the work, crops, and conditions at Poplar Plains plantation. He also reported that Miles, an enslaved person, had been jailed and punished with physical violence for fighting with his wife and another man who was enslaved to Mr. Lee.
Folder 540	16-30 September 1850 September 16: Letter from Aaron at Hayes to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Aaron worked as a foreman or overseer at Hayes. Aaron wrote about the work, crops, and conditions at the plantation. September 22: Letter and plantation journal entry from James Sawyer at Poplar Plains to James Cathcart Johnston in New York, in which enslaved people are identified and the work they perfomed at the plantation is described. September 22: Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County, N.C. Peter discussed a project to build a barn and said that he and Osbourne, an enslaved person, could complete the work together. He also mentioned that Osbourne, Hendersen and Charles had arrived Monday evening. Peter wrote that Handsome, Anthony, and Ann were sick but had recovered. September 25: Letter from Peter to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter wrote about the work, crops, and conditions at the plantation and mentioned Handsome, Anthony, and Aaron, who also were enslaved to Johnston. September 28: Letter from Aaron at Hayes, to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Aaron worked as a foreman or overseer at Hayes. Aaron wrote about the work, crops, and conditions at the plantation. September 29: Letter from James Sawyer at Poplar Plains to James Cathcart Johnston in New York, in which enslaved people are identified and the work they perfomed at the plantation is described. September 29: Letter from Peter to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter wrote about the work, crops, and conditions at the plantation.
Folder 541	1-10 October 1850 October 1: Letter from Margaret Johnston to her enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston, in Baltimore. Margaret wrote about conditions and mentioned Peter, Osbourne, and Aaron. October 4: Letter from Eliza Johnston, who was enslaved to James Cathcart Johnston, reporting on the health of the enslaved people at Hayes. October 5: Letter from Aaron at Hayes to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Aaron worked as a foreman or overseer at Hayes. Aaron mentioned the death of one of Sally's children and that other children, including Mother Polly's son Hanibal, were sick. Aaron mentioned Nixon, Maria, Margaret, his father and his brother. Aaron also described the conditions on the plantation and the outbreak of fever in Edenton. October 6: Letter from Aaron at Hayes, to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Aaron wrote about the work, crops, and conditions at the plantation. October 6: Letter from Peter to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. He wrote about the work, crops, and conditions at the plantation and mentioned Josiah and Mathias, who were also enslaved to Johnston.
Folder 542	11-31 October 1850 October 11: Letter from Peter to his enslaver James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. He wrote about the work, crops, and conditions at the plantation. October 11: Letter from W. B. Hathaway to James Cathcart Johnston at Baltimore, reporting on sickness and death in the enslaved community at the plantation. October 13: Letter from James Sawyer at Poplar Plains to James Cathcart Johnston at Baltimore. The letter identifies enslaved people and the work they performed at the plantation. October 14: Letter from Aaron at Hayes to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston, in Baltimore. Aaron worked as a foreman or overseer at Hayes. Aaron wrote about work performed at the plantation. October 15: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people. October 23: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people. October 24: Letter from Hardy & Brothers in Norfolk, Va., to James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes, including a list documenting the purchase of 500 blankets for enslaved people and wool hats for Peter.
Folder 543	November 1850
Folder 544	December 1850 December 12: Correspondence in which the controversy over slavery is discussed.
Folder 545	January 1851 January 4: Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. Peter mentioned that his fellow enslaved people had been sick, including Ben and Manuel who were away from Poplar Plains. Peter described the conditions on the plantation, including harvesting his and Ben's hogs.
Folder 546	February 1851 February 27: Correspondence in which the controversy over slavery is discussed.
Folder 547	March 1851
Folder 548	April 1851
Folder 549	May 1851 May 3: Receipt indicating that James Cathcart Johnston had paid 1000 dollars for the resettlement of Betty Johnson, the widow of Jack Johnson, and their five children, in Ohio.
Folder 550	June 1851
Folder 551	July 1851 July 4: Letter from Aaron at Hayes to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Aaron worked as a foreman or overseer at Hayes. Aaron mentioned that he had been sick and that Osbourne had gone to Nags Head. Nixon is also mentioned.
Folder 552	August 1851 August 4: Record of sale of Miles, who was a carpenter, Joe, and Jim (James), all of whom were enslaved to the estate of Margaret P. Tredwell, to James Cathcart Johnston. John Thompson and T. S. Hoskins, a sheriff, brokered the trafficking of Miles, Joe, and Jim.
Folder 553	September 1851
Folder 554	October 1851 October 12: Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. Peter mentioned that some enslaved spinners and children had been sick. Peter also wrote about Ben, a person enslaved by Johnston, and described getting leather to make shoes for his fellow enslaved people.
Folder 555	November 1851
Folder 556	December 1851 Undated: List of enslaved people with amounts credited for pork and fodder. December 3: Shipping and Commercial list with handwritten list of enslaved people and credits on verso. December 13: Letter from Peter to his enslaver James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. Peter mentioned Ben and Mathias, who were enslaved to Johnston. December 22: List of enslaved people with weight of hogs.
Folder 557	January 1852 January 18: Letter from Betty Johnston in Columbus, Ohio, to her former enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston in Chowan County, N.C. Betty wrote about her traveling expenses and purchasing a house and lot. She mentioned Martha as a dressmaker, Mary as a tailor, and that Noah had been hired to dray wood. January 19: List of expenses related to Betty Johnston's travel from Edenton, N.C., to Columbus, Ohio. January 31: Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. Peter mentioned Ben, a person enslaved by Johnston, and described the conditions on the plantation, including having his hogs butchered.
Folder 558	February 1852
Folder 559	March 1852
Folder 560	April 1852
Folder 561	May 1852
Folder 562	June 1852 June 16: Accounting sheet for James Cathcart Johnston with names of enslaved people and the goods acquired on Johnston's credit with Cleveland Sawyer. June 26: Letter from an enslaved person (NOTE: This item is missing as of October 2022.)
Folder 563	July 1852
Folder 564	August 1852
Folder 565	September 1852
Folder 566	October 1852
Folder 567	November 1852 November 12: Accounting sheet for James Cathcart Johnston with names of enslaved people and the goods acquired on Johnston's credit with Cleveland Sawyer.
Folder 568	December 1852 December 23: Letter from William S. Pettigrew at Belgrade to James Cathcart Johnston, describing a rumored insurrection by enslaved people against their enslavers, Williams S. and Charles Pettigrew, and public acts of rebellion in Plymouth by people enslaved by Josiah Collins. Jim, who was enslaved by William S. Pettigrew, is mentioned as someone who should be regarded as capable of acts of rebellion against white people.
Folder 569	January 1853 Undated: Accounting sheet for James Cathcart Johnston with names of enslaved people and goods by order. January 27: Letter from William S. Pettigrew to James Cathcart Johnston, denying the rumor that people enslaved by him had killed his father, Ebenezer Pettigrew, by poison. There is some discussion of the enslaved community at Magnolia and Belgrade from the perspective of the white enslaver. The motivations of the overseer, "Mr. C.," are also discussed. Jim, who was enslaved to William S. Pettigrew, is mentioned as someone who should be regarded as capable of acts of rebellion against white people.
Folder 570	February 1853
Folder 571	March 1853 March 10: Accounting sheet for James Cathcart Johnston with names of enslaved people and the goods acquired on Johnston's credit with Cleveland Sawyer.
Folder 572	April 1853
Folder 573	May 1853
Folder 574	June 1853
Folder 575	July 1853
Folder 576	August 1853
Folder 577	September 1853
Folder 578	October 1853 October 27: Letter from William S. Pettigrew at Magnolia to James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes, in which he described a foot injury and dog bite that made him very sick. October 27: Letter from James Johnston Pettigrew in Charleston, S.C., in which he commented on a captain of his acquaintance who trafficked in the slave trade on the Coast of Africa. Pettigrew noted the captain's perspective on the middle passage, which was at odds with the prevailing understanding of it. He also mentioned attending a dramatization of Uncle Tom's Cabin in Philadelphia.
Folder 579	November 1853
Folder 580	December 1853
Folder 581	January-April 1854
Folder 582	May-August 1854 June 1: List of people enslaved as of 28 December 1853. June 1: Accounting sheet for James Cathcart Johnston with names of enslaved people and the goods acquired on Johnston's credit with Cleveland Sawyer. June 3: Receipt for jail fees paid to Joseph Godphry for Wiley, who was enslaved by James Cathcart Johnston. June 10: Letter from William S. Pettigrew at Magnolia to James Cathcart Johnston at Elizabeth City, N.C., in which Pettigrew mentioned purchasing five enslaved women to be wives for men already enslaved by him, in an attempt to keep them from finding wives away from his plantations. August 12: Letter from William S. Pettigrew at Belgrade to James Cathcart Johnston, describing the circumstances in which Wilson, who worked in the house and was enslaved to Pettigrew at Magnolia, allegedly stole money from him.
Folder 583	September-December 1854 September 2: Letter from William S. Pettigrew at Belgrade to James Cathcart Johnston, discussing further the robbery allegedly committed by Wilson, who was enslaved to Pettigrew at Magnolia. October 3: Letter from Hardy Rioche in Norfolk, Va., to James Cathcart Johnston in Baltimore, mentioning Peter, who was enslaved to Johnston, in his role as foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. October 30: Accounting sheet for Aaron Johnston, who was enslaved to James Cathcart Johnston, with the goods acquired on credit with Cleveland Sawyer. December (undated): Accounting sheet with names of people enslaved at Hayes and amount of orders for trade for cash, pork, fodder.
Folder 584	January-February 1855 January 1: Correspondence in which the controversy over slavery is discussed. January 1: Accounting sheet for James Cathcart Johnston with names of enslaved people and the goods acquired on Johnston's credit with Cleveland Sawyer.
Folder 585	March-April 1855
Folder 586	May-June 1855
Folder 587	July-August 1855 August 11: Letter from William S. Pettigrew at Belgrade to James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes, commenting on behavior of enslaved people and expectations of enslavers.
Folder 588	September-October 1855
Folder 589	November-December 1855 November 7: Letter from Joseph G. Godfrey in Edenton, N.C., to James Cathcart Johnston, seeking payment for jailing London, who was enslaved to Johnston. London reportedly had engaged in conflict with his wife at Mr. Howell's. Godfrey also charged Johnston for policing people enslaved by him in town, except for when they were permitted to attend church on Sunday.
Folder 590	January 1856 January 5: Bill of sale for Anthony, a 28 year old enslaved person who was sold by the estate of Joshua Skinner in Chowan County, to James Cathcart Johnston in Chowan County, N.C. T. L. Skinner as executor of the estate brokered the trafficking of Anthony.
Folder 591	February 1856
Folder 592	March 1856 March 14: Letter from James Johnston Pettigrew in Charleston, S.C., to James Johnston Pettigrew, discussing the controversy over slavery.
Folder 593	April 1856
Folder 594	May 1856 May 11: Letter from William S. Pettigrew at Belgrade to James Cathcart Johnston, describing the conduct of the people he enslaved at Magnolia and Belgrade. Moses, an enslaved man working as the overseer, is mentioned.
Folder 595	June 1856
Folder 596	July 1856 July 4: Letter from James C. Johnston Jr. at Hayes to his uncle James Cathcart Johnston, who was visiting the Pettigrews, mentioning Nixon and Osbourne, who were enslaved to the elder Johnston, and the work they performed.
Folder 597	August 1856
Folder 598	September 1856
Folder 599	October 1856
Folder 600	November 1856 November 13: Letter from John Williams in Baltimore (?) to James Cathcart Johnston, regarding the transfer of money, possibly in relation to indentured labor.
Folder 601	December 1856
Folder 602	January 1857 January 1: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people. January 1: Accounting sheet for James Cathcart Johnston with names of enslaved people and the goods acquired on Johnston's credit with Cleveland Sawyer. January 1: Accounting sheet for Nixon Johnston, who was enslaved to James Cathcart Johnston, with Cleveland Sawyer and Bro. January 1: Accounting sheet of James Cathcart Johnston with W. C. Warren and Son, with entries for medical care provided to enslaved people who are listed by name. Some enslaved family relationships are noted.
Folder 603	February 1857
Folder 604	March 1857
Folder 605	April 1857
Folder 606	May 1857 May 30: Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter described the conditions on the plantation, including that of his own crops.
Folder 607	June 1857 June 2: Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as the foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. Peter mentioned that he had taken a trip to Salem and his own health issues. Peter also described the conditions on the plantation, including the personal crops of him and Ben, a person enslaved by Johnston.
Folder 608	July 1857
Folder 609	August 1857
Folder 610	September 1857
Folder 611	October 1857
Folder 612	November 1857
Folder 613	December 1857 December 26: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Caledonia to William Hollowell, in which he reported on setting up a loom, carding machine, and spinning jenny so that enslaved people could make their own clothing at the plantation; the exhaustion of the enslaved community from all of the work on the plantation; and a meeting house for enslaved people to use for worship. Peter, an enslaved man who worked as a foreman or overseer for James Cathcart Johnston, is also mentioned.
Folder 614	January 1858
Folder 615	February 1858
Folder 616	March 1858 March 27: Account sheet for James Cathcart Johnston with Sawyer Bro. & Co., with orders on credit for enslaved people.
Folder 617	April 1858
Folder 618	May 1858
Folder 619	June 1858 June (undated): Letter from Richard McMorine (previously known as Richard Blount) in Buchanan City, Palm Grove Station, Bassa County, Liberia, to James Cathcart Johnston, discussing difficult conditions for people who had resettled to this place. McMorine wrote about acquiring land, farming, missionary work, and the need for financial assistance to build a house.
Folder 620	July 1858
Folder 621	August 1858 August 25: Account sheet for James Cathcart Johnston with Sawyer Bro. & Co., with orders on credit for enslaved people.
Folder 622	September 1858
Folder 623	October 1858
Folder 624	November 1858
Folder 625	December 1858
Folder 626	January 1859
Folder 627	February 1859
Folder 628	1-15 March 1859 March 5: Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. Peter mentioned that Myles, a person enslaved by Johnston, had arrived at Poplar Plains. Peter also described the conditions on the plantation.
Folder 629	16-31 March 1859
Folder 630	April 1859 April 9: Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. Peter mentioned that Smith and Tom, people enslaved by Johnston, had been injured and that Myles, a person enslaved by Johnston, had gone to and returned from Salem plantation. Peter also described the conditions on the plantation.
Folder 631	May 1859
Folder 632	June 1859 June 26: Letter from Nixon Johnston at Hayes to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Nixon mentioned that some of his fellow enslaved people had been sick, including Betty. Nixon also mentioned his mother and father, London, Maria, and Hannibal. Nixon shared that Osbourne had left Hayes to go to Peter's with Jo (?) Irsom (?) and Madoson(?).
Folder 633	July 1859 July 17: Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. Peter mentioned Aaron and Phillip, people enslaved by Johnston, and a letter he received from Ben, who also was enslaved by Johnston. Peter described the conditions on the plantation, including that of his and Ben's personal crops.
Folder 634	August 1859
Folder 635	September 1859
Folder 636	October 1859
Folder 637	November 1859
Folder 638	December 1859 December 6: Letter from C. W. Hollowell at Elizabeth City, N.C., to James Cathcart Johnston, reporting that Hannah, whose husband Major was already enslaved by Johnston, had been purchased for Johnston.
Folder 639	1-15 January 1860 Undated: Letter from G. J. Cherry to James Cathcart Johnston, reporting that a canoe was missing, as well as "Old" America, Mariah, George, and Nelly, enslaved people who probably had gone to Plymouth. Undated: List of enslaved people and their ages for the census. Some family relationships are noted. January 2: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 640	16-31 January 1860
Folder 641	February 1860
Folder 642	1-15 March 1860
Folder 643	16-31 March 1860
Folder 644	April 1860 April 10: Bill of sale for Henderson, an enslaved ships carpenter who was sold by Robert T. Paine in Chowan County, N.C., to James Cathcart Johnston in Chowan County, N.C.
Folder 645	May 1860
Folder 646	June 1860 June 10: Letter possibly from Ben Johnston at the Body plantation, to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Ben worked as a foreman or overseer at Body. Ben mentioned the health of his fellow enslaved people and described the conditions at Body and Salem, as relayed to him by his father when he visited. June 11: Letter from C. W. Hollowell at Bay Side to James Cathcart Johnston, reporting that he had a tax list of the 178 people enslaved by Johnston, under the care of Peter and Ben, both of whom were enslaved and working as foreman or overseers. June 17: Letter from Young Ben at Body plantation, on behalf of Old Ben to their enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Ben worked as a foreman or overseer at Body. Young Ben mentioned that Old Ben's father had visited. Young Ben also described the conditions on the plantation, including that of Old Ben and his father's personal crops. June 24: Letter from Ben at Body plantation on behalf of "Old" Ben to their enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. The younger Ben worked as a foreman or overseer at Body. Ben mentioned that the people enslaved at Body were working with his father elsewhere. Ben also described the conditions on the plantation.
Folder 647	July 1860 July 7: Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. Peter described the conditions on the plantation. July 8: Letter from Ben Johnston at Body plantation to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Ben worked as a foreman or overseer at Body. Ben requested that a park house be built for him and described the conditions at Body and at Salem plantation where his father was. July 15: Letter from Ben Johnston at Body plantation to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Ben worked as a foreman or overseer at Body. Ben noted that the people enslaved at Body had been working with his father at Salem. Ben also described the conditions at Salem. July 15: Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter mentioned an enclosed list of trade. Peter also described the conditions on the plantation, including that of his own crops. July 22: Letter from Ben Johnston at Body plantation to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Ben worked as a foreman or overseer at Body. Ben wrote that a few of his fellow enslaved people had been sick and that his father and the people enslaved at Body had been working at Salem. Ben described the conditions at Body and at Salem.
Folder 648	August 1860
Folder 649	September 1860 September 9: Letter from Ben Johnston at Body plantation to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Ben worked as a foreman or overseer at Body. Ben wrote that his father had visited and that a few of the people enslaved at Body who worked with his father were sick. Ben also described the conditions on the plantation. September 16: Letter from Ben Johnston at Body plantation to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Ben worked as a foreman or overseer at Body. Ben wrote that Clarke, a person enslaved by Johnston, had been sick and that he had heard that his own father was also sick. Ben also described the conditions on the plantation. September 30: Letter from Peter at Poplar Plains to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Peter worked as a foreman or overseer at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County. Peter described the conditions on the plantation.
Folder 650	October 1860 October 21: Letter from Ben Johnston at Body plantation to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Ben worked as a foreman or overseer at Body. Ben wrote that the people enslaved at Body had been working with his father and described the conditions there. October 25: Letter from William S. Pettigrew at Magnolia to James Cathcart Johnston, describing an uprising planned for Plymouth by people enslaved by Baker of Norfolk, and the slavery patrols initiated in response to white fears of violence against them.
Folder 651	November 1860
Folder 652	December 1860 December 10: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Caledonia to C. W. Hollowell, requesting the usual 6 month allowances be given to people enslaved by Johnston, and according discretion to Peter and Ben, who were enslaved by Johnston and worked as his foreman or overseers, to alter the amounts. December 27: Letter from William S. Pettigrew at Magnolia to James Cathcart Johnston, giving a character recommendation for Richard Barfield, a free Black man who worked as a painter. Barfield sought to marry one of the daughters of Peter, who was enslaved to Johnston and worked as a foreman at Poplar Plains in Pasquotank County.
Folder 653	1-15 January 1861 Undated: List of enslaved people. January 1: List of enslaved people.
Folder 654	16-31 January 1861
Folder 655	February 1861
Folder 656	March 1861
Folder 657	1-15 April 1861 April 5: Letter from Henry J. Futrell at Caledonia to James Cathcart Johnston describing the circumstances that led up to the self-emancipation by Harry, who was enslaved to James Cathcart Johnston at Caledonia. Mack, who was enslaved by Johnston, is mentioned as someone who led groups of enslaved laborers. April 10: Letter from Henry J. Futrell to James Cathcart Johnston providing further news about Harry's escape; Milly, who was enslaved to James Cathcart Johnston at Caledonia, was reported as being sick. Mack is mentioned as someone who led groups of enslaved laborers. April 15: Letter from Henry J. Futrell to James Cathcart Johnston providing further news of Harry's escape and other acts he allegedly committed against the overseer. Mack is mentioned as someone who led groups of enslaved laborers.
Folder 658	16-30 April 1861
Folder 659	May 1861 May 5: Letter from Henry J. Furtrell at Caledonia to James Cathcart Johnston regarding policing of enslaved people to make sure they did not rebel. Futrell also described work on the plantation, including that of Nat, who was enslaved by Johnston. May 13: Letter from H. J. Futrell at Caledonia to James Cathcart Johnston regarding policing of enslaved people. Futrell described violence used against Charity, an enslaved girl, to force her to identify who she had been with and seen while out. Jack, Godfrey, and Gunness(?), were implicated. Futrell also reported on work performed by Mack, Mat and Andrew. May 27: Letter from Henry J. Futrell at Caledonia to James Cathcart Johnston describing the labor assigned to Mat, Luke, and Andrew, who were enslaved by Johnston. He also mentioned not paying for medical care for the enslaved people. May 31: Letter from Henry J. Futrell at Caledonia to James Cathcart Johnston reporting that Luke, who was enslaved to James Cathcart Johnston, allegedly had stolen money from him and distributed it among other enslaved people. Futrell also reported on labor performed by Milly, Andrew, Godfrey, Mack, Baccus, and Anthony, all of whom were enslaved at Caledonia.
Folder 660	June 1861 June 12: Letter from Henry J. Futrell at Caledonia to James Cathcart Johnston, reporting that Luke, a young adult who was a field worker enslaved to Johnston, had been caught stealing a chest of money and was at risk of being sold away as punishment. Harry was also mentioned, as he remained at liberty without a permit. Luke's labor, as well as that of Rodger, Godfrey, Mat, and Andrew is also described.
Folder 661	July 1861
Folder 662	August 1861 August 19: Record documenting illnesses and medical treatment of enslaved people.
Folder 663	September 1861
Folder 664	October 1861
Folder 665	November 1861 November 8: Letter from Henry J. Futrell at Caledonia to James Cathcart Johnston, describing work done on the plantation. Mack and Ben, who were enslaved by Johnston, are mentioned. November 11: Letter from Henry J. Futrell at Caledonia to James Cathcart Johnston, describing work done on the plantation. Nat, Mack, and Charity, who were enslaved by Johnston, are mentioned. November 18: Letter from Henry J. Futrell at Caledonia to James Cathcart Johnston, describing work done on the plantation. Nat and Jacob, who were enslaved by Johnston, are mentioned.
Folder 666	December 1861 December 7: Letter from Ben Johnston at Body plantation to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Ben worked as a foreman or overseer at Body. Ben wrote about the health of his fellow enslaved people, specifically the death of Liddy's child at Salem where Ben's father worked, and Primus who had been sick. Ben also described the conditions on the plantation. December 23: Letter from H. J. Futrell at Caledonia to James Cathcart Johnston reporting that enslaved people had been to town to trade the previous week. Tom, Nelly, and Old Nancy, a nurse, are mentioned. December 23: List of enslaved people with amount of credit available for trade with Mr. Sawyer.
Folder 667	January-February 1862
Folder 668	March-April 1862
Folder 669	May-June 1862
Folder 670	July-August 1862 July 22: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to C. W. Hollowell at Bay Side, responding to reports on Peter, an enslaved person who worked as a foreman or overseer for Johnston at Poplar Plains. Johnston asked for assistance in getting Peter and his family to the Union Army in Norfolk in order to be rid of him. Ben is also mentioned and there is a list of names of enslaved people. August 7: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston Jr. at Hayes to Colonel Howard, concerning Alfred Manning, an enslaved person who had self-emancipated, then given a pass by Howard, and then allegedly plundered Johnston's plantation. Another self-emancipated woman is also mentioned as being on board Captain Gerard's steamer. August 21: Letter from W. I. Hardy in Norfolk to James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes, reporting that Peter and his family had made it to freedom in Columbus, Ohio, by way of Baltimore. Hardy also mentioned that several enslaved people had self-emancipated from Hayes.
Folder 671	September-October 1862 September 15: Bill of sale for Alfred and Allen, enslaved people who were sold by Helen Iredell to James Cathcart Johnston.
Folder 672	November-December 1862 November 17: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston Jr. at Hayes to C. W. Hollowell at Bay Side, reporting that Henderson, who was enslaved by James Cathcart Johnston, had been sent to Hollowell with 11 pairs of shoes.
Folder 673	January 1863 January 2: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to Hollowell, reporting that the Emancipation Proclamation had not had much impact on the enslaved people who remained in the area. January 20: Letter from the military governor to James C. Johnston, reporting that General Foster had ordered the arrest of Matthew, who was previously enslaved by James Cathcart Johnston but was freed by the January 1, 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, for undescribed crimes committed against the property of James Cathcart Johnston.
Folder 674	February 1863 February 8: Letter from C. W. Hollowell at Bay Side to James Cathcart Johnston, reporting on deteriorating control over the local enslaved population. Bill, Julio, and Ben, who were enslaved, are mentioned. February 12: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to C. W. Hollowell, describing lawlessness in Edenton, including the presence of "Buffaloes" (civilians with Union allegiances) and Confederate guerrillas, and a rumored oath of neutrality. America, an enslaved person, is identified as the carrier of the letter; Aaron and Bill are also mentioned. February 12: Letter from C. W. Hollowell at Bayside to James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes, describing a violent attack by Confederate guerrillas, and the desperate conditions at Poplar Plains. Jeffrey, Charles, Isaac, Little Major, and Harry, who were all enslaved by Johnston, are mentioned as being pressed into service and held by Captain Saunders and the federal troops. America, an enslaved person, is identified as the carrier of the letter; Julia, Bill, and Major, all of whom were enslaved, are also mentioned.
Folder 675	March 1863 March 1: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to C. W. Hollowell at Bay Side near Elizabeth City, N.C., expressing relief that things stolen by enslaved people and "Buffaloes" (civilians with Union allegiances) had been recovered. Johnston wrote that he believed the enslaved people at Poplar Plains were demoralized. He mentioned putting Major, an enslaved person, into Peter's old house and in charge of things; having Old Lawrence's widow, who was Major's mother-in-law, move in with Major if he would take care of her; giving Josiah a piece of land to grow corn, some of which he could keep for himself; moving enslaved people to Roanoke Island if they wanted work because otherwise they might starve if they stayed at Poplar Plains. March 13: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes, mentioning Major, who was enslaved by Johnston, as an assistant. Johnston also described violence by the Confederate guerrillas, including th murder of two enslaved people and abduction of ten others, and his anger at the enslaved people who had self-emancipated from him. Matthias, Jeff, Old Ben, and Little Ben, all of whom were enslaved, are mentioned. March 13: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to W. Futrell mentioning an incident in which Confederate guerrillas killed two enslaved people and took 10 prisoners. Johnston mentioned Matthias and Jeff, who were enslaved by him. March 18: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to C. W. Hollowell, describing at length his feelings about his nephew and the enslaved people who left the plantation. Noah and Aaron, enslaved people, are mentioned as still being at Hayes. March 21: Bill of sale for Myles, an enslaved man who was sold by Francis I. Iredell, Helen B. Iredell, and Margaret T. Iredell, in Raleigh, N.C., to James Cathcart Johnston.
Folder 676	April 1863 April 11: Account sheet for James Cathcart Johnston with C & L Sawyer, with orders on credit for enslaved people. April 12: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to Henry I. Futrell, letting him know that he had included him in his will and his directives regarding the people enslaved by him. He mentioned Frank, Tom, and Solomon, enslaved people who worked with Angelo Garibaldi, and Nat, Mack, and Dolly, who were also enslaved. April 17: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to C. W. Hollowell, complaining about the conduct of enslaved people in the care of Captain Saunders of the federal army. Major and Jeff, who are enslaved people, are mentioned; Davy, an enslaved person, is identified as the carrier of the letter.
Folder 677	May 1863 May 5: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to W. Futrell commenting on his relationship with the enslaved people. Johnston also described punishment he imposed on a young enslaved woman whom he thought was faking illness. May 6: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to C. W. Hollowell at Bay Side mentioning Jeff, an enslaved person who apparently engaged with the "Buffaloes" (civilians with Union allegiances) and Union soldiers as acts of resistance, and "Old Ben," an enslaved carriage driver. Johnston commented on the condition of the plantation and the acts of resistance offered by enslaved people who no longer worked as efficiently for him as they had in the past. May 11: Letter from Thomas D. Warren to James Carthcart Johnston regarding a mortgage held on America, who was enslaved by Johnston. Warren mentioned that America had a wife. May 25: List of enslaved people, with names and ages. May 27: Letter from Henry J. Futrell at Hayes, reporting that Mack, John, America and his wife Maria, George and his wife Nelly, and Jerry, all enslaved people, had left the plantation for Edenton or Plymouth. Patricia, an enslaved person is also mentioned, but she may have stayed at the plantation.
Folder 678	June 1863
Folder 679	July 1863 July 13: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to C. W. Hollowell at Bayside near Elizabeth City, N.C., in which he mentioned Prince, an enslaved person who blew a horn at 3:30 every morning to call the enslaved people to work. July 20: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to C. W. Hollowell, describing conditons at the plantation. He mentioned that Prince, his enslaved assistant ("factotum"), had been sick with bilious fever, and Aaron's sister, who was a cook whom Johnston had given to Dr. Edward Warren when he married, and an unnamed small boy who was her assistant, had self-emancipated with a field hand. July 31: Letter from Ben Johnston at Body plantation to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Ben worked as a foreman or overseer at Body. Ben mentioned speaking with Bill and Sam, people enslaved by Johnston, and that his brother John had visited, though he had not seen Jim or his dad in a while. Ben also described the conditions on the plantation and that his mother had gotten Johnston's suit of linen.
Folder 680	August 1863
Folder 681	September 1863 September 22: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to C. W. Hollowell, describing conditons at the plantation. He also reported that Bill had self-emancipated and mentioned work done by London.
Folder 682	October 1863 October 9: Letter from Richard Barfield, a free Black person, seeking a letter attesting to his freedom from James Cathcart Johnston so that he might travel to meet his wife in Columbus, Ohio. October 11: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston to C. W. Hollowell, commenting on the departure of enslaved people from plantations. October 21: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to W. Futrell, reporting that many of the people he had enslaved had left. Aaron remained.
Folder 683	November 1863 November 5: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to C. W. Hollowell at Bayside near Elizabeth City, commenting on the departure of enslaved people from plantations. Anthony, an enslaved blacksmith, and Taylor, an enslaved person, are mentioned as being with Hollowell. Johnston wished that Anthony would stay and promised that he would pay more for his blacksmithing services than the Yankees would.
Folder 684	December 1863
Folder 685	January-April 1864 March 9: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to C. W. Hollowell, describing conditons at the plantation. "Old" Ben and Jim, who were enslaved, are mentioned. March 16: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to James Futrell, discussing flour and corn prices. Johnston noted that Anthony, an enslaved person, had carried last letter from Futrell and would be sent home with flour. Major, an enslaved person, is also mentioned. March 16: Letter from James Cathcart Johnston at Hayes to Henry J. Futrell, mentioning Dinah, "Old" Jack, and "Old" George, all of whom were enslaved by Johnston. Oscar, a free person of color, is mentioned as having property. Johnston instructed Futrell to offer Oscar whatever assistance he needed. Oscar had been to see his children in Ohio but according to Johnston was not an abolitionist. April 7: Letter from Ben Johnston at the Body to his enslaver, James Cathcart Johnston. Ben worked as a foreman or overseer at Body. Ben mentioned his mother, his father and Jim, people enslaved by Johnston. Ben described the conditions on the plantation during the Civil War, including his livestock being stolen.
Folder 686	May-August 1864 July 27: List of enslaved people with names and ages. August 9: Letter from William S. Pettigrew near Tarboro to James Cathcart Johnson, reporting on damages by Union soldiers and "Buffaloes" (civilians with Union allegiances) and that Henry and his wife Polly, who were enslaved, had gone to the Yankees at Plymouth in August 1863, and the rest of the people enslaved by him in January 1864. Pettigrew also reported that several old women who were enslaved had died, including a nurse who had been married to Virgil, who was enslaved at Belgrade; and the expectation of both Henry and Virgil that they would be murdered by hostile white people in the neighborhood.
Folder 687	September-December 1864
Folder 688	January-February 1865 January 23: Letter from C. W. Hollowell at Bayside to James Cathcart Johnston, describing resistance by enslaved people who had self-emancipated themselves from labor but had not left the plantation. Ben, Anthony, Primus, Major, Myles, Tayler (?), Jerry, and Jim, all of whom were enslaved, are mentioned. February 9: Legal document indicating that Maggy, "Old" Sam and his wife Flora, Sam the son of Juda, Jack and Diner who were the children of Sam and Flora, were sold by John H. Leary to James Cathcart Johnston in December 1863. February 26: Letter from Henry J. Futrell at Caledonia to James Cathcart Johnston in which he described work done by Nat, Godfrey, Andrew, and Rodger, all of whom were enslaved. Futrell mentioned that Frank, an enslaved person, had gone to see his wife and had not returned, possibly having taken up with other enslaved people who participated in acts of resistance against their enslavers while the Union Army occupied the area. Futrell also reported on a conversation he had with Mack and other members of the enslaved community about rumors of enslaved people being pressed into military service and what the enslaved people would do if that happened.
Folder 689	March-May 1865

Expand/collapse Subseries 1.2. Johnston Family Volumes, 1732-1859, and undated.

83 items.

Arrangement: chronological.

Volumes include Gabriel Johnston's estate and plantation account; Samuel Johnston's (1702-1757) account books and ledgers containing personal and family finances, as well as some public accounts from when he served as public treasurer (1745-1751); an anonymous surveyor's journal, which is attributed to Samuel Johnston (1702-1757); Samuel Johnston's (1733-1816) legal fees and personal expense memoranda; merchandise ledgers and accounts for George Blair, Samuel Johnston's (1733-1816) brother-in-law, and Hindley and Needham, for whom Samuel Johnston (1733-1816) worked as an attorney; expense accounts related to Samuel Johnston's (1733-1816) public service during the American Revolution, including accounts for Andrew Knox & Co.; James Cathcart Johnston's personal and plantation accounts; and several catalogs for the library at Hayes Plantation. The institution of slavery is documented throughout the plantation ledgers; individual enslaved people can be found in lists and accounting ledgers.

Reel M-324/17	Volume 1 (J): Samuel Johnston (1702-1757), 1732-1734 and 1752-1757 Merchandise daybook; North Carolina treasury, personal, and family accounts. Microfilm only.
Oversize Volume SV-324/2j	Volume 2 (J): Samuel Johnston (1702-1757), 1732 and 1735-1753 Merchant ledger and public treasurer's accounts.
Folder 692	Volume 3 (J): Anonymous, 1735-1740 Surveyor's journal: description of trip to survey 60,000 acres of land around the northern branches of the Neuse and Cape Fear rivers, which might have been conducted by Samuel Johnston when he was surveyor-general of North Carolina. (Includes transcription and copy of a published article.)
Folder 693	Volume 4 (J): Gabriel Johnston, 1752-1756 Ledger containing accounts of Gabriel Johnston's estate and plantation accounts for Eden House, Mount Gallant, Fishing Creek, etc. Expenses related to slavery are included, as well as the number of enslaved people employed by Mr. Rutherford, and at Eden House.
Folder 694	Volume 5 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1755-1761 Ledger recording his legal fees and personal expenses of Johnston family members.
Folder 695	Volume 6 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1757-1758 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum.
Folder 696	Volume 7 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1758-1761 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum.
Oversize Volume SV-324/8j	Volume 8 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1758-1778 Ledger: inside cover includes a list of enslaved people with names, birth month and year, and mother's name; record of legal fees and personal expenses of Johnston family members.
Folder 698	Volume 9 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1759-1763 Legal fee memorandum.
Folder 699	Volume 10 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1761 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum.
Folder 700	Volume 11 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1761-1762 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum.
Folder 701	Volume 12 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1761 and 1767 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum.
Folder 702	Volume 13 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1762-1763 Legal fee memorandum.
Folder 703	Volume 14 (J): George Blair, 1762-1767 Merchandise ledger.
Folder 704	Volume 15 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1764 Legal fee memorandum.
Folder 705	Volume 16 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1764-1765 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum.
Folder 706	Volume 17 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1765-1767 Legal fee memorandum.
Oversize Volume SV-324/18j	Volume 18 (J): Hindley and Needham, 1765-1770 Merchandise accounts.
Folder 708	Volume 19 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1766 Legal fee memorandum.
Folder 709	Volume 20 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1768-1772 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum.
Oversize Volume SV-324/21j	Volume 21 (J): George Blair, 1769-1773 Merchandise ledger.
Oversize Volume SV-324/22j	Volume 22 (J): George Blair, 1770 and 1773 Fragment of merchandise ledger.
Oversize Volume SV-324/23j	Volume 23 (J): George Blair, 1770 Fragment of merchandise ledger.
Folder 713	Volume 24 (J): Hindley and Needham, 1770-1772 Ledger of shipping accounts with Thomas Taylor & Son.
Folder 714	Volume 25 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1771 and 1773-1774 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum, including charges for provisions, such as cutting cloth for enslaved people (p.5). Peggy, an enslaved person, is mentioned.
Folder 715	Volume 26 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1772-1773 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum.
Folder 716	Volume 27 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1772-1774 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum.
Folder 717a	Volume 28 (J): Andrew Knox & Co., 1772-1774 (pp. 1-58) Merchandise ledger.
Folder 717b	Volume 28 (J): Andrew Knox & Co., 1772-1774 (pp. 58-118) Merchandise ledger. Page 69: Accounts for Harry, Tom, and Henry, who were free people of color.
Folder 717c	Volume 28 (J): Andrew Knox & Co., 1772-1774 (pp. 118-178) Merchandise ledger.
Folder 717d	Volume 28 (J): Andrew Knox & Co., 1772-1774 (pp. 178-238) Merchandise ledger.
Folder 717e	Volume 28 (J): Andrew Knox & Co., 1772-1774 (pp. 238-281) Merchandise ledger.
Folder 718	Volume 29 (J): Andrew Knox & Co., 1774-1775 Merchandise ledger.
Folder 719	Volume 30 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1774-1777 "Publick of North Carolina" expense account
Oversize Volume SV-324/31j	Volume 31 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1774-1777 Ledger of accounts related to a public office.
Folder 721	Volume 32 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1775 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum.
Oversize Volume SV-324/33j	Volume 33 (J): Andrew Knox & Co., 1775-1776 Merchandise ledger.
Folder 723	Volume 34 (J): Gray and McKenzie, 1775-1780 Merchandise ledger.
Reel M-324/19	Volume 35 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1778-1802 Account book of personal and family expenses and of the expenses of the "Publick of North Carolina"; account of James C. Johnston (1782-1865) with William McKenzie.
Folder 725	Volume 36 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1776 Personal expense memorandum.
Folder 726	Volume 37 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1776-1777 Personal expense memorandum.
Folder 727	Volume 38 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1777-1778 Personal expense memorandum.
Folder 728	Volume 39 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1778-1780 Personal expense memorandum.
Oversize Volume SV-324/40j	Volume 40 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816) and James C. Johnston, 1778-1817 Merchandise ledger including accounts for Caledonia and Poplar Plains. (Separate index enclosed.)
Folder 730	Volume 41 (J): Gray and McKenzie, 1780-1783 Merchandise daybook recording daily transactions to be transferred into ledger.
Folder 731	Volume 42 (J): Gray and McKenzie, 1780-1783 Merchandise daybook.
Folder 732	Volume 43 (J): Gray and McKenzie, 1780-1783 Merchandise ledger.
Folder 733	Volume 44 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1781-1783 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum.
Folder 734	Volume 45 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1781-1784 Caledonia plantation account book recording account with William McKenzie.
Folder 735	Volume 46 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1783 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum.
Folder 736	Volume 47 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1783-1785 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum.
Folder 737	Volume 48 (J): Margaret McKenzie, 1784-1817 Personal account book, includes early legal notes of Samuel Johnston (1733-1816).
Folder 738	Volume 49 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1785 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum.
Folder 739	Volume 50 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1785-1786 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum.
Folder 740	Volume 51 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1786 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum.
Folder 741	Volume 52 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1786-1787 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum.
Folder 742	Volume 53 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1787-1790 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum.
Folder 743	Volume 54 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1790-1791 Bank account book with Bank of North America.
Folder 744	Volume 55 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1790-1791 Personal expense memorandum.
Folder 745	Volume 56 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1790-1795 Memorandum of traveling expenses and personal accounts with James Iredell, Robert Lennox, and William McKenzie.
Folder 746	Volume 57 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816) and James C. Johnston, 1790-1821 "Account of Transactions in Philadelphia": personal expense accounts and bank accounts including records of stocks and certificates.
Folder 747	Volume 58 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1791-1792 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum.
Folder 748	Volume 59 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1792-1793 Travel account and personal expense memorandum.
Folder 749	Volume 60 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1794, 1796, and 1798 Travel account, personal and household expense memorandum.
Folder 750	Volume 61 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1794-1800 Personal expense memorandum.
Folder 751	Volume 62 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1797-1806 Memorandum with Caledonia plantation accounts; legal notes.
Folder 752	Volume 63 (J): James C. Johnston, 1799-1800 Personal expense memorandum.
Folder 753	Volume 64 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1800-1804 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum, including some legal notes.
Folder 754	Volume 65 (J): James C. Johnston, 1803-1806 Personal and plantation expense memorandum.
Folder 755	Volume 66 (J): James C. Johnston, 1803-1813 Personal and plantation account book consisting primarily of accounts for Poplar Plains and Hermitage.
Folder 756	Volume 67 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1804-1809 Legal fee, personal expense, and plantation account memorandum.
Folder 757	Volume 68 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1804-1811 Legal fee and personal and plantation expense memorandum.
Folder 758	Volume 69 (J): James C. Johnston, 1806-1808 Personal and plantation expense memorandum. Includes names of people enslaved by James Cathcart Johnston.
Folder 759	Volume 70 (J): James C. Johnston, 1806-1840 Plantation account book with accounts for Caledonia, Hermitage, and Hayes, chiefly dealing with corn and hogs.
Folder 760	Volume 71 (J): James C. Johnston, 1809-1810 Personal and plantation expense memorandum.
Reel M-324/21	Volume 72 (J): James C. Johnston, 1810-1813 Ledger including William McKenzie estate settlement, Poplar Plains account, and list of enslaved people.
Folder 762	Volume 73 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1811-1813 Legal notes and personal and plantation expense memorandum.
Folder 763	Volume 74 (J): James C. Johnston, 1813-1816 Personal and plantation expense memorandum for Hermitage.
Folder 764	Volume 75 (J): James C. Johnston, 1816-1818 Personal and plantation expense memorandum; family obituaries on the first page.
Folder 765	Volume 76 (J): James C. Johnston, 1818-1821 Personal and plantation expense memorandum.
Folder 766	Volume 77 (J): Joseph Blount, 1823-1827 Account of Joseph Blount's estate with Gavin Hogg.
Reel M-324/21	Volume 78 (J): James C. Johnston, 1827-1841 Account book of Joseph Blount estate settlement and of guardianship of Blount's son, Joseph Blount.
	Volume 79 (J): James C. Johnston, 1827-1843 Account book of Joseph Blount estate settlement and of guardianship of Blount's son, Joseph Blount.
Folder 769	Volume 80 (J): Philip W. Alston, 1830 "Catalogue of Books Contained in the Library at Hayes Exclusive of Law-Books" (alphabetically arranged).
Folder 770	Volume 81 (J): James C. Johnston, 1855 Brief plantation account memorandum.
Folder 771	Volume 82 (J): James C. Johnston, 1859 Memorandum of expenses in building a house and cabins at Cedar Creek, Va.
Folder 772	Volume 83 (J): Benjamin H. Alston, undated Catalogue of books at Hayes (arranged by subject).

Expand/collapse Series 2. Wood family, 1810-1928.

About 8,000 items.

Arrangement: chronological.

Personal and business correspondence and financial and legal materials documenting two generations of the Wood family and others, including Edward Wood, (1820-1872), plantation owner, enslaver, and businessman; his wife Caroline Moore Gilliam Wood; and their sons Edward Wood and John Gilliam Wood.

Materials provide insight into antebellum and postbellum North Carolina and southern history, especially plantation and fishery administration based on enslaved labor, agriculture, and the transition from an economy based on enslaved labor, knowledge, and skill, to tenant farming after the Civil War. The enslaved people at the Wood family farms and fisheries are found in bills of sale, hiring out contracts, correspondence, and account books and memoranda detailing employment information and labor inventories. Other topics include trade and shipping, the settlement of the estate of James Cathcart Johnston, contemporary family and social life, education and school life, and health and medical treatment, including mental health.

Processing note: folders were renumbered in April 2022.

Expand/collapse Subseries 2.1. Wood Family Papers, 1810-1922.

About 8,000 items.

Arrangement: chronological.

Personal and business correspondence and financial and legal materials, documenting two generations of the Wood family, as well as people enslaved by them. Wood family members included Edward Wood, (1820-1872), plantation owner, enslaver, and businessman; his wife Caroline Moore Gilliam Wood; and their sons Edward Wood and John Gilliam Wood. Materials provide insight into antebellum and postbellum North Carolina history, especially plantation administration, agriculture, the transition from an economy based on enslaved labor, knowledge, and skill, to tenant farming after the Civil War, trade and shipping, settlement of the estate of James Cathcart Johnston, contemporary family and social life, education and school life, and health and medical treatment, including mental illness. Financial and legal materials include indentures, deeds, surveys, wills, judgments and suits, bills of lading, receipts, bills of sale for enslaved people, account sheets and ledgers, and inventories.

The series has been divided into two descriptive subseries based on significant shifts that signal a change in the cast of characters and/or the subjects treated during a specific time span.

Expand/collapse Subseries 2.1.1. Wood Family Papers, 1810-1872.

About 4,475 items.

Arrangement: chronological.

Chiefly business and financial papers of Edward Wood (1820-1872), plantation owner, enslaver, and businessman, that document his farming and fishery businesses, as well as enslaved people and freed people. Materials include letters from commission merchants, business agents, and land and fishery managers; legal documents such as land surveys, indentures, wills, deeds, and insurance contracts; and financial materials such as receipts, bills of sale for enslaved people, hiring out contracts for the labor of enslaved people, bills of lading, account sheets, inventories, and stock, bond, and other investment materials. These materials provide insight into the economy of the South during Reconstruction and document political tensions between North and South. Other materials pertain to the Albemarle Steam Navigation Co., for which Wood served as president, and the Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad Co. and Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal Co., firms in which he had a vital interest because he used their services to ship his fish and crops to market. These materials relate chiefly to company stock information, business administration, and ship repairs and building. Materials of a more personal nature document the education of Wood's children, family life, social conditions and customs, travel, health, and the settling of lawsuits. Materials prior to 1860 consist chiefly of financial and legal documents; the bulk of the correspondence begins in 1860.

At the outbreak of the Civil War, Wood was invested in the building of a steamer ship known as the Virginia Dare. Materials for 1861 are chiefly concerned with this endeavor. Included are correspondence regarding the design of the vessel, blueprints, and receipts for Virginia Dare stock.

There is relatively little information about Civil War soldiers and battles. In the later part of 1862, Julian Wood wrote several letters from Camp French describing camp life and fortifications. Letters from Julian's relatives to Wood describe information received from Julian in his letters and relay news of his death in 1863.

The majority of letters from the Civil War period document southern sentiments regarding the Confederate cause and the failing economy. An "Appeal to the North," 8 December 1862, discusses the economy of free labor, defends the institution of slavery, and calls for an end to the war. Letters from politically and financially influential landholders discuss the interruption of agriculture and trade. Materials also document activities of enslaved people during this period and include a 22 April 1862 order to intercept and capture a group of enslaved people who had self-emancipated by running away, and a 23 April 1862 letter warning Wood to "watch his boats" since other boats in the area had been used to assist enslaved people to escape.

Wood's business routines were interrupted with the occupation of North Carolina by Federal forces. Fearing that fishermen would cross Federal lines in the Albemarle Sound to trade with Confederate supporters, the military government forbade fishing. In 1863, Wood petitioned Federal forces, particularly Captain Flusser, for the right to fish for the benefit of the poor. He was granted permission to fish on a limited scale, but was soon after taken prisoner and held hostage pending the release of a prisoner held by Confederate forces. James Cathcart Johnston (1782-1865) was a supporter of Wood and worked to procure his release. It was at this time that Johnston began to express his desire that his "relations not have anything to do with [his] affairs" and he made Wood and two others the executors and heirs of his estate.

Immediately following the war, materials document the legal dispute to pardon Wood for his alleged Confederate involvement. Another major legal matter was the settlement of James Cathcart Johnston's estate following his death on 9 May 1865. Johnston's cousins challenged the legitimacy of Johnston's will, stating that he had been mentally unstable at the time the will and accompanying letters of instruction were written. The will was established as legal in 1867, upholding Wood and the other executors as rightful heirs with the responsibility of carrying out its terms. However, new suits were brought against Wood, as executor, and the estate was not completely settled until 1871.

Letters often provide insight into legal preparations for the Johnston estate case, including hiring attorneys, appointing judges, and assessing attitudes of citizens in jurisdictions where the case could be tried. Letters from C. W. Hollowell, another executor, describe his experiences during the court proceedings and provide insight into the difficulties of reaching a settlement. Other related materials include account sheets, appeals for loans from members of the Johnston family, legal notes, subpoenas, and court rulings.

At the conclusion of the Civil War, Wood resumed his farming and fishing businesses. Correspondence describes the economy and industry during Reconstruction. Letters received from northern commission merchants discuss the consignment of fish and crops, market and economic conditions, hire of trading vessels and shipping contracts, assessment of goods, investment of profits, and the purchase of goods such as barrels and kegs, cork, ice, salt, whiskey, molasses, and netting for the fishing trade. Merchants with whom Wood did the majority of his business include James Bond and Whedbee & Dickinson in Baltimore; C. W. Grandy Co. & Sons in Norfolk; John N. Shriver in Philadelphia; and C. E. Morrison and Co. in Boston.

Letters from William Stowe, of the American Net & Twine Co. in Boston, detail developments in the net and twine industry. In the years immediately following the Civil War, Stowe expressed views on the economy of free labor in the South, Reconstruction, suffrage, and politics. Stowe also advised Wood to abandon his cotton crops since they would not be profitable.

Other materials reflect the changing economic structures and racial interactions in the South during Reconstruction. In 1865, Wood worked with agents to procure indentured laborers from England, Germany, and Sweden to work as household servants and farm hands. Materials include letters from John Williams of the American Emigration Co. in New York, receipts for passage from Europe, and a contract of indenture dated December 1865.

Beginning in the late 1860s, Wood received letters from individuals offering their skills as coopers, fishing hands, farmers, and land managers. They often stated wage expectations and mentioned wage offers from other landowners. Other individuals sought employment on Wood's various ships as clerks and captains.

Despite these appeals from interested laborers, letters from Daniel Valentine, who appears to have worked as a recruiter for Wood's fisheries, often document the lack of labor in certain areas or the competitive nature of wage labor following the war. Letters between land owners often lamented the fact that they could not find enough hired labor to work their land.

Sharecropping materials include advertisements, in the form of broadsides and newspaper articles; rental contracts; and letters from land managers that often complain of the poor profits attained in such work. Springs Brady and Davy M. Lee, who worked at Greenfield in the years following the war, were two of the tenants.

Wood's brother, William C. Wood, wrote many letters in 1867 that detail the management of Wood's fisheries. Letters from Caroline Moore Gilliam Wood to Edward Wood often provide updates on the activities of the farm, business issues, and family.

There are various materials pertaining to Wood's involvement with the Albemarle Steam Navigation Co, the Blackwater Steam Boat Co., and the Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad Co. Letters from the cessation of the war through the early 1870s refer to the purchase and repairs of ships, requests for free passage, scheduling of routes, and business contracts. Of interest are the letters from R. J. Powell in regards to the North Carolina Mail Service.

Following the war, Wood was involved in many charitable acts, and he received letters from friends, family, and community groups for financial assistance. Margaret Johnston, widow of Samuel Iredell Johnston (d. 1865), wrote letters beginning in 1866, requesting funds to provide for her children. Throughout the years, James Cathcart Johnston Jr. sought advances on his monetary allowances from the Johnston estate. Letters often recount his failed business endeavors, and an 1870 letter from his wife to Wood describes their destitution. In late 1869, Sarah Elliot wrote to attain a loan for the cost of publishing her book, Mrs. Elliot's Housewife: containing practical receipts in cookery.

The education of Edward Wood's children is well documented in letters, tuition receipts, and report cards. Beginning in 1862, Mary Wood was educated at the Patapsco Female School in Raleigh, N.C. Wood received reports on her progress from the director of the school. Letters from Edward Wood (1851-1898) begin in 1868 while he attended J. H. Horner's school in Oxford and relay his feelings about school, his education, requests for money, information about the family, and his expulsion from school in 1869. It appears that he witnessed a fight between a white shop keeper and a Black customer, and that he would be summoned as a witness in court. Such a summons proved that he was out past curfew, an infraction that lead to expulsion. His 13 May 1871 letter to his mother suggests that he also was later expelled from the University of Virginia.

Letters from business and personal correspondents throughout the series speak to Wood's poor health. It appears that he suffered from dyspepsia, and he considered many remedies, including eating oysters and maintaining a food and whiskey diet, over the years. His health apparently began to decline rapidly in 1871, when he began traveling to Asheville in the hopes of making a recovery. In 1872, he seemed to be preparing for death, and he began arranging his financial papers and drew up a will.

Folder 773	1810
Folder 774	1829
Folder 775	1830
Folder 776	1833
Folder 777	1838
Folder 778	1839
Folder 779	1841
Folder 780	1843
Folder 781	1844
Folder 782	1845 January 11: Bill of sale for Atlas, Henry, Lydia, Adaline, and children Mike and Sam, enslaved people who were sold by Elizabeth Gilliam from the estate of H. Gilliam, to Edward Wood of Gates County, N.C. Registered in Gates County 10 September 1845.
Folder 783	1846 May 7: Letter from William S. Pettigrew at Belgrade to Edward Wood in Gatesville, requesting help in finding free Black people or enslaved people with experience using a cradle to harvest wheat to teach the people enslaved by him how to use the tool. May 21: Letter from William S. Pettigrew at Belgrade to Edward Wood in Gatesville, following up on the terms agreed upon for hiring out of the labor, skills, and knowledge of enslaved people from Henry L. Eure (?) to lead the wheat harvest at Belgrade.
Folder 784	1847 April 29: Letter from William S. Pettigrew at Belgrade to Edward Wood in Gatesville, concerning Arthur, an enslaved person whose labor, skills, and knowledge as a cradler had been hired out from his enslaver Henry L. Eure (?) to Pettigrew during the 1846 harvest. Another cradler, Mark, is also mentioned.
Folder 785	1849
Folder 786	1850 June 26: Bill of sale for Trucy and Squires, enslaved people who were sold in Perquimmons County, N.C., to Edward Wood. Trucy and Squires were sold at public auction by Sheriff Willis H. Bagby, but previously may have been enslaved to John S. Woods.
Folder 787	1852 November 1: Bill of sale for Jim, an enslaved person who was sold by Jacob White in Chowan County, N.C., to Trecy White in Chowan County, N.C. November 13: Bill of sale for Silas, an enslaved person about 32 years old, who was sold by Rich Paxton in Edenton, N.C., to Edward Wood. December 1: Bill of sale for Jim, an enslaved person about 27 years old who was sold by Trecy White of Chowan County, N.C., to Edward Wood of Chowan County, N.C. Jim was previously enslaved by Jacob White.
Folder 788	1853
Folder 789	1854 Undated: Bill of sale for Fany, an enslaved person who was sold by James D. Wynn to Edward Wood. John Cox and G. C. Moore signed as trustees. July 25: Bill of sale for Washington, an enslaved person about 25 years old who was sold by Trotman H. Ward to Edward Wood. August 25: Bill of sale for James, an enslaved person who was sold in Richmond to Edward Wood. August 25: Bill of sale for William Plummer, an enslaved person who was sold by Benjamin Davis in Richmond to Edward Wood. August 25: Bill of sale for Sally and her child William, enslaved people who were sold by Benjamin Davis in Richmond to Edward Wood.
Folder 790	1856 January 5: Bill of sale for a family of 4 enslaved people (Ned, about 32 years old; Harriet, about 32 years old; Stirling, about 7 years old; Turner, about 5 years old), who were sold by A. Dixon to Edward Wood. January 8: Bill of sale for Henry, an enslaved person about 32 years old who was sold from the estate of Joshua Skinner to Edward Wood. T. L. Skinner brokered the trafficking of Henry. January 16: Insurance policies for Henry and Edward, who were enslaved by Edward Wood. December 8: Bill of sale for Henry, an enslaved person about 33 years old who was sold from the estate of John Cox to Edward Wood. John Thompson brokered the trafficking of Henry. December 29: Bill of sale for Richard, an enslaved person who was sold from the estate of John Cox to Edward Wood. John Thompson brokered the trafficking of Henry.
Folder 791	1857 January 13: Insurance policy fo Richard, who was enslaved by Edward Wood. November 12: Bill of sale for Delila and children Harriet, Dick, Mary Ann, Eliza, Emily, Edward, and Dick, enslaved people who were sold by C. W. Skinner to Edward Wood.
Folder 792	1858 January 1: Bill of sale for Malvina, an enslaved person 25 years old; Louisa, an enslaved child 4 years old; and Mills, an enslaved child 8 years old, who were sold from the estate of William R. Nixon to Edward Wood. W. C. Warren brokered the trafficking of Malvina, Louisa, and Mills at public auction. January 25: Bill of sale for Penny, an enslaved person about 32 years old, who was sold by James L. Bunch to Edward Wood.
Folder 793	1859 January 8: Bill of sale for Isum, an enslaved person about 63 years old, who was sold by William D. Lowther to Edward Wood.
Folder 794	January-March 1860 January 3: Record of hiring out of Aleck, an enslaved person whose labor, skills, and knowledge had been purchased from B. B. Hoskins by Edward Wood and Julian Gilliam.
Folder 795	April-June 1860
Folder 796	July-September 1860
Folder 797	October-December 1860
Folder 798	January 1861 January 1: Record of hiring out of Frances, an enslaved person whose labor, skills, and knowledge had been purchased from Rachel Starrey by Julian Gilliam and Edward Wood.
Folder 799	February 1861
Folder 800	March 1861
Folder 801	1-15 April 1861
Folder 802	16-30 April 1861
Folder 803	May 1861
Folder 804	June 1861
Folder 805	July 1861
Folder 806	August 1861
Folder 807	September 1861
Folder 808	October 1861
Folder 809	November 1861
Folder 810	December 1861
Folder 811	1862 January 1: Record of hiring out of George Rumboldt, an enslaved person whose labor, skills, and knowledge had been purchased from Ann C. Blount by William C. Wood and Edward Wood. January 1: Record of hiring out of Mingo, an enslaved person whose labor, skills, and knowledge had been purchased from Henry A. Skinner, probably by William C. Wood and Edward Wood. February 6: Correspondence in which the controversy over slavery is discussed.. April 23: Letter from W. C. Wood to Ned at Edenton, reporting that enslaved people had fled from Thompson, Heath, Henry Bond, and John Bond. Arnold, who was enslaved by Henry Bond, was one of the people who had self-emancipated. There may also have been an enslaved person named Miles who escaped from an enslaver named Foxwell. November 17: Letter from H. Gilliam at Warrenton to Captain J. Gilliam, counseling his brother to move the enslaved people he claimed as property to a safer location so that they would not try to self-emancipate on their own. Jim, who was enslaved by H. Gilliam, is also mentioned. November 17: Letter from H. A. Gilliam at Warrenton to Captain J. Gilliam, mentioning Jim, who was enslaved to H. A. Gilliam and may have been a carriage driver. He also entreated J. Gilliam to write to their brother Ned Gilliam to remove the people enslaved by him to a different location or sell them. November 20: Letter from J. Gilliam counseling another Gilliam brother to remove the people enslaved by him to an area more safe from the war. Jim and Godfrey, who were enslaved people, are mentioned as message carriers. Henry, a young person enslaved to J. Gilliam, is mentioned as having escaped from slavery with his father. December 8: Correspondence in which the controversy over slavery is discussed.
Folder 812	1863 Undated: letter to Ned Gilliam (?) recommending that people enslaved by him be moved to a safer location. Undated: Hiring contract for Hester and four children, enslaved people whose labor was purchased from Elizabeth Jackson by Charles G. Britt.
Folder 813	1864 February 10: Letter from Benjamin Batten of the 18th Army Corps, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, with answers to questions from citizens, including how enslaved people who had left the area but sought to return would be treated.
Folder 814	January 1865
Folder 815	February 1865
Folder 816	March 1865
Folder 817	April 1865
Folder 818	May 1865
Folder 819	June 1865
Folder 820	July 1865 July 9: Letter from H. A. Gilliam to Ned (Gilliam?), describing an incident in which a group of freed Black people were discovered to have been practicing military drills twice a week in the middle of the night, led by a freed Black person who previously had been enslaved to a Confederate officer. Emma, who was formerly enslaved to H. A. Gilliam, is mentioned.
Folder 821	August 1865
Folder 822	September 1865 September 4: Reconstruction era record. September 8: Reconstruction era record. September 19: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 823	October 1865
Folder 824	November 1865 November 10: Reconstruction era record. November 17: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 825	December 1865 December 26: Reconstruction era record. December 27: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 826	1-15 January 1866 Undated: Reconstruction era record. January 3: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 827	16-31 January 1866
Folder 828	1-15 February 1866
Folder 829	16-28 February 1866
Folder 830	1-10 March 1866
Folder 831	11-20 March 1866 March 15: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 832	21-31 March 1866
Folder 833	1-15 April 1866 April 10: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 834	16-30 April 1866
Folder 835	1-5 May 1866
Folder 836	6-10 May 1866
Folder 837	11-15 May 1866 May 15: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 838	16-20 May 1866
Folder 839	21-25 May 1866
Folder 840	26-31 May 1866
Folder 841	1-10 June 1866 June 1: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 842	11-20 June 1866
Folder 843	21-30 June 1866
Folder 844	July 1866 July 4: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 845	1-15 August 1866 August 3: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 846	16-31 August 1866
Folder 847	September 1866 September 15: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 848	1-15 October 1866
Folder 849	16-31 October 1866 October 22: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 850	November 1866
Folder 851	1-15 December 1866
Folder 852	16-31 December 1866
Folder 853	1-15 January 1867
Folder 854	16-31 January 1867 January 29: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 855	Legal notes related to James Cathcart Johnson estate case, February 1867
Folder 856	February 1867
Folder 857	1-15 March 1867
Folder 858	16-31 March 1867
Folder 859	1-10 April 1867
Folder 860	11-20 April 1867
Folder 861	21-30 April 1867
Folder 862	1-10 May 1867
Folder 863	11-20 May 1867
Folder 864	21-31 May 1867
Folder 865	1-15 June 1867
Folder 866	16-30 June 1867
Folder 867	1-15 July 1867
Folder 868	16-31 July 1867 July 22: Reconstruction era record. July 29: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 869	1-15 August 1867 Undated: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 870	16-31 August 1867
Folder 871	1-15 September 1867
Folder 872	16-30 September 1867
Folder 873	1-15 October 1867
Folder 874	16-31 October 1867
Folder 875	1-15 November 1867 November 11: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 876	16-30 November 1867 November 27: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 877	1-15 December 1867 December 1: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 878	16-31 December 1867
Folder 879	1-10 January 1868 January 1: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 880	11-20 January 1868
Folder 881	21-30 January 1868
Folder 882	1-15 February 1868
Folder 883	16-28 February 1868
Folder 884	1-10 March 1868
Folder 885	11-20 March 1868
Folder 886	21-31 March 1868
Folder 887	1-10 April 1868
Folder 888	11-20 April 1868
Folder 889	21-30 April 1868
Folder 890	1-10 May 1868
Folder 891	11-20 May 1868
Folder 892	21-31 May 1868
Folder 893	1-15 June 1868
Folder 894	16-30 June 1868
Folder 895	1-15 July 1868
Folder 896	16-31 July 1868
Folder 897	August 1868
Folder 898	September 1868
Folder 899	1-15 October 1868
Folder 900	16-31 October 1868 October 25: Reconstruction era record. October 30: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 901	1-15 November 1868
Folder 902	16-30 November 1868
Folder 903	1-10 December 1868
Folder 904	11-20 December 1868
Folder 905	21-31 December 1868
Oversize Paper Folder OPF-324/4	Miscellaneous papers, 1868, 1892, and undated Advertisement for "Winter Seed Wheat," 1868; land grant, 1892; a musical score titled "Hercules Waltz," undated; and an advertisement for mill equipment, undated.
Folder 906	1-10 January 1869 January 4: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 907	11-20 January 1869
Folder 908	21-31 January 1869
Folder 909	1-15 February 1869
Folder 910	16-28 February 1869
Folder 911	1-15 March 1869
Folder 912	16-31 March 1869
Folder 913	1-10 April 1869
Folder 914	11-20 April 1869 April 19: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 915	21-30 April 1869
Folder 916	1-15 May 1869
Folder 917	16-31 May 1869
Folder 918	1-15 June 1869
Folder 919	16-30 June 1869
Folder 920	1-15 July 1869
Folder 921	16-31 July 1869
Folder 922	August 1869
Folder 923	September 1869
Folder 924	1-10 October 1869
Folder 925	11-20 October 1869
Folder 926	21-31 October 1869
Folder 927	1-15 November 1869
Folder 928	16-31 November 1869
Folder 929	1-10 December 1869
Folder 930	11-20 December 1869 December 11: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 931	21-31 December 1869
Folder 932	1-5 January 1870
Folder 933	6-10 January 1870
Folder 934	11-15 January 1870
Folder 935	16-20 January 1870
Folder 936	21-25 January 1870
Folder 937	26-31 January 1870
Folder 938	1-10 February 1870
Folder 939	11-20 February 1870
Folder 940	21-28 February 1870
Folder 941	1-10 March 1870
Folder 942	11-20 March 1870
Folder 943	21-31 March 1870
Folder 944	1-10 April 1870
Folder 945	11-20 April 1870
Folder 946	21-31 April 1870
Folder 947	1-10 May 1870
Folder 948	11-20 May 1870
Folder 949	21-31 May 1870
Folder 950	1-15 June 1870
Folder 951	16-30 June 1870
Folder 952	1-15 July 1870
Folder 953	16-31 July 1870
Folder 954	August 1870 August 12: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 955	September 1870
Folder 956	1-10 October 1870
Folder 957	11-20 October 1870
Folder 958	21-31 October 1870
Folder 959	1-15 November 1870
Folder 960	16-30 November 1870
Folder 961	1-15 December 1870 December 7: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 962	16-31 December 1870
Folder 963	1-10 January 1871
Folder 964	11-20 January 1871
Folder 965	21-31 January 1871 January 30: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 966	1-15 February 1871
Folder 967	16-28 February 1871
Folder 968	1-10 March 1871
Folder 969	11-20 March 1871
Folder 970	21-31 March 1871
Folder 971	1-10 April 1871
Folder 972	11-20 April 1871
Folder 973	21-30 April 1871
Folder 974	1-10 May 1871
Folder 975	11-20 May 1871
Folder 976	21-31 May 1871
Folder 977	June 1871
Folder 978	July 1871
Folder 979	August 1871 August 9: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 980	September 1871
Folder 981	October 1871
Folder 982	November 1871
Folder 983	December 1871
Folder 984	1-15 January 1872
Folder 985	16-31 January 1872
Folder 986	February 1872
Folder 987	March 1872
Folder 988	1-15 April 1872
Folder 989	16-30 April 1872
Folder 990	1-10 May 1872
Folder 991	11-20 May 1872
Folder 992	21-31 May 1872
Folder 993	1-15 June 1872
Folder 994	16-30 June 1872 June 17: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 995	1-15 July 1872
Folder 996	16-31 July 1872
Folder 997	August 1872
Folder 998	September 1872
Folder 999	1-15 October 1872
Folder 1000	16-31 October 1872
Folder 1001	November 1872
Folder 1002	December 1872

Expand/collapse Subseries 2.1.2. Wood Family Papers, 1873-1921.

About 3,525 items.

Arrangement: chronological.

Chiefly correspondence and financial materials relating to the administration of the Wood family farms and fisheries. Following Edward Wood's death in 1872, Caroline Moore Gilliam Wood (1851-1898) began to manage the family's business affairs with the help of her brother-in-law, William C. Wood, and, after his death in 1876, with her sons, Edward Wood (851-1898), John Wood, and Frank Wood. Correspondence details the administration of the fisheries and comments on the industry and market changes from season to season, including the decline in profits from the fishing and cotton trades beginning in 1878. Caroline's letters in March and April of 1877 to her son, Frank, who was studying at the University of North Carolina, often express her disappointment in Edward's management of the fisheries. Major business correspondents include C. W. Skinner, Whedbee & Dickinson in Baltimore, and C. W. Grandy Co. & Sons in Norfolk. Other financial materials include receipts, invoices, bills of lading, labor inventories, and account sheets.

This subseries also provides comprehensive insight into the personal lives of the Wood family members. Letters between Caroline and her children increase in frequency after 1874 and detail family life; health concerns; social life and customs; college life, particularly at the University of Virginia and at the University of North Carolina; travel; politics; and business. Caroline's extensive letters to her children describe the success of various business endeavors, recount financial information, and often advise frugality with allowances, especially after 1877. Caroline comments on the activities of members of the community, providing background information on social life and interactions within North Carolina. Letters also relay information received in correspondence with her other children; report on the health of family members, particularly Bettie, who suffered from a lengthy illness; and encourage diligence in all academic pursuits. Her letters to son James Wood express concern over his physical health and foreshadow his untimely death in October 1876. The Wood siblings also corresponded with each other. In a 27 February 1876 letter to his brother, James Wood described the student festivities following the passing of a bill by the Virginia State Legislature to appropriate $30,000 a year to the University of Virginia.

In addition to letters from family members, John Wood received notes from friends while studying bookkeeping at the Eastman Business School in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., in 1874. Letters concern a variety of topics including politics and elections, student life, and social events. A 17 October 1874 letter from a classmate at the University of Virginia describes several fraternities and the activities of many of their mutual friends.

Annie wrote several letters while attending Salem Female Institute, and later, Saint Mary's in Raleigh (circa 1876), in which she discussed her courses of study and social activities. Her later letters are a rich source of information on social life and customs of the people of eastern North Carolina.

In 1878, John traveled to Europe from whence he wrote two lengthy letters describing the cities and people that he visited, having particularly strong opinions on England, Switzerland, and Italy. In October of 1883, Annie wrote to her brother Julian about her northern tour. She described her trip to the Exposition and expressed her pride in the North Carolina exhibit. She also gave her impressions of Boston, Cambridge, and Washington D.C.

Following Caroline's death, personal correspondence among Wood family members is infrequent. Julian's 1889 letters, addressed to John and written while he was studying law at the University of North Carolina, discuss college life and inquire about the family crops. Mary Hall also wrote regarding crops and farming profits and gave information about family health and activities. A 28 September 1901 letter informs John of his brother Hal's diagnosis with tuberculosis.

Between 1905 and 1910 materials document negotiations between John and the Norfolk & Southern Railway Co. to purchase part of the Hayes farm for railway development.

John received letters from Charles De F. Burnes, a well-known collector of autograph letters, with regard to family correspondence dating to the American Revolutionary War period. Additionally, there are materials pertaining to the assessment and preservation of select materials from the Wood library.

Folder 1003	1-15 January 1873
Folder 1004	16-31 January 1873
Folder 1005	1-15 February 1873
Folder 1006	16-28 February 1873
Folder 1007	1-10 March 1873
Folder 1008	11-20 March 1873
Folder 1009	21-31 March 1873
Folder 1010	1-15 April 1873
Folder 1011	16-30 April 1873
Folder 1012	1-15 May 1873
Folder 1013	16-31 May 1873
Folder 1014	1-15 June 1873
Folder 1015	16-30 June 1873
Folder 1016	1-15 July 1873
Folder 1017	16-31 July 1873
Folder 1018	August 1873
Folder 1019	September 1873
Folder 1020	October 1873
Folder 1021	1-15 November 1873
Folder 1022	16-30 November 1873
Folder 1023	December 1873
Folder 1024	1-10 January 1874
Folder 1025	11-20 January 1874
Folder 1026	21-31 January 1874
Folder 1027	1-15 February 1874
Folder 1028	16-28 February 1874
Folder 1029	1-10 March 1874
Folder 1030	11-20 March 1874
Folder 1031	21-31 March 1874
Folder 1032	1-5 April 1874
Folder 1033	6-10 April 1874
Folder 1034	11-15 April 1874
Folder 1035	16-20 April 1874
Folder 1036	21-25 April 1874
Folder 1037	26-30 April 1874
Folder 1038	1-5 May 1874
Folder 1039	6-8 May 1874
Folder 1040	9 May 1874
Folder 1041	11-15 May 1874
Folder 1042	16-20 May 1874
Folder 1043	21-25 May 1874
Folder 1044	26-31 May 1874
Folder 1045	June 1874
Folder 1046	1-15 July 1874
Folder 1047	16-31 July 1874
Folder 1048	August 1874
Folder 1049	September 1874
Folder 1050	October 1874
Folder 1051	November 1874
Folder 1052	December 1874
Folder 1053	1-15 January 1875
Folder 1054	16-31 January 1875
Folder 1055	February 1875
Folder 1056	1-10 March 1875
Folder 1057	11-20 March 1875
Folder 1058	21-31 March 1875
Folder 1059	1-10 April 1875
Folder 1060	11-20 April 1875
Folder 1061	21-30 April 1875
Folder 1062	1-10 May 1875
Folder 1063	11-20 May 1875
Folder 1064	21-31 May 1875
Folder 1065	June 1875
Folder 1066	July 1875
Folder 1067	August 1875
Folder 1068	September 1875
Folder 1069	October 1875 October 20: Reconstruction era record. October 22: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 1070	November 1875 November 3: Reconstruction era record.
Folder 1071	December 1875
Folder 1072	January 1876
Folder 1073	February 1876
Folder 1074	March 1876
Folder 1075	1-10 April 1876
Folder 1076	11-20 April 1876
Folder 1077	21-30 April 1876
Folder 1078	1-10 May 1876
Folder 1079	11-20 May 1876
Folder 1080	21-31 May 1876
Folder 1081	1-15 June 1876
Folder 1082	16-30 June 1876
Folder 1083	1-15 July 1876
Folder 1084	16-31 July 1876
Folder 1085	August 1876
Folder 1086	September 1876
Folder 1087	October 1876
Folder 1088	November 1876
Folder 1089	December 1876
Folder 1090	1-15 January 1877
Folder 1091	16-31 January 1877
Folder 1092	1-15 February 1877
Folder 1093	16-28 February 1877
Folder 1094	1-10 March 1877
Folder 1095	11-20 March 1877
Folder 1096	21-31 March 1877
Folder 1097	1-15 April 1877
Folder 1098	16-30 April 1877
Folder 1099	1-15 May 1877
Folder 1100	16-31 May 1877
Folder 1101	June 1877
Folder 1102	July 1877
Folder 1103	August 1877
Folder 1104	September 1877
Folder 1105	October 1877
Folder 1106	November 1877
Folder 1107	December 1877
Folder 1108	January 1878
Folder 1109	February 1878
Folder 1110	March 1878
Folder 1111	April 1878
Folder 1112	1-15 May 1878
Folder 1113	16-31 May 1878
Folder 1114	June 1878
Folder 1115	July 1878
Folder 1116	August 1878
Folder 1117	September 1878
Folder 1118	October 1878
Folder 1119	November 1878
Folder 1120	December 1878
Folder 1121	Janunary 1879
Folder 1122	February 1879
Folder 1123	March 1879
Folder 1124	April 1879
Folder 1125	May 1879
Folder 1126	June 1879
Folder 1127	July 1879
Folder 1128	August 1879
Folder 1129	September 1879
Folder 1130	October 1879
Folder 1131	November 1879
Folder 1132	December 1879
Folder 1133	January 1880
Folder 1134	February-June 1880
Folder 1135	July-December 1880
Folder 1136	January-February 1881
Folder 1137	March-May 1881
Folder 1138	June 1881
Folder 1139	July 1881
Folder 1140	August-October 1881
Folder 1141	November-December 1881
Folder 1142	January 1882
Folder 1143	February 1882
Folder 1144	March 1882
Folder 1145	April 1882
Folder 1146	May-June 1882
Folder 1147	July-August 1882
Folder 1148	September-December 1882
Folder 1149	January 1883
Folder 1150	February 1883
Folder 1151	March 1883
Folder 1152	April 1883
Folder 1153	May 1883
Folder 1154	June 1883
Folder 1155	July 1883
Folder 1156	August-September 1883
Folder 1157	October-December 1883
Folder 1158	January 1884
Folder 1159	February-April 1884
Folder 1160	May 1884
Folder 1161	June 1884
Folder 1162	July 1884
Folder 1163	August-November 1884
Folder 1164	December 1884
Folder 1165	January 1885
Folder 1166	February-March 1885
Folder 1167	April 1885
Folder 1168	May 1885
Folder 1169	June-July 1885
Folder 1170	August-October 1885
Folder 1171	November-December 1885
Folder 1172	January-April 1886
Folder 1173	May 1886
Folder 1174	June-July 1886
Folder 1175	October-December
Folder 1176	January-March 1887
Folder 1177	April-June 1887
Folder 1178	July-August 1887
Folder 1179	October-December 1887
Folder 1180	January-March 1888
Folder 1181	April-June 1888
Folder 1182	July-December 1888
Folder 1183	January-April 1889
Folder 1184	May-August 1889
Folder 1185	September-December 1889
Folder 1186	January-April 1890
Folder 1187	May-December 1890
Folder 1188	January-June 1891
Folder 1189	July-December 1891
Folder 1190	January-April 1892
Folder 1191	May-June 1892
Folder 1192	July-December 1892
Folder 1193	January-May 1893
Folder 1194	June-December 1893
Folder 1195	1894
Folder 1196	1895
Folder 1197	January-May 1896
Folder 1198	June-December 1896
Folder 1199	1897
Folder 1200	1898
Folder 1201	January-April 1899
Folder 1202	May-December 1899
Folder 1203	January-April 1900
Folder 1204	May-December 1900
Folder 1205	1901
Folder 1206	January-April 1902
Folder 1207	May-December 1902
Folder 1208	1903
Folder 1209	1904
Folder 1210	1905
Folder 1211	1906
Folder 1212	1907
Folder 1213	1908
Folder 1214	1909
Folder 1215	1910
Folder 1216	1911
Folder 1217	1912
Folder 1218	1913
Folder 1219	1914
Folder 1220	1915
Folder 1221	1917
Folder 1222	1918
Folder 1223	1919
Folder 1224	1920
Folder 1225	1921

Expand/collapse Subseries 2.2. Wood Family Volumes, 1820-1928.

28 items.

Arrangement: chronological.

Volumes primarily document the activities at the Wood family farms and fisheries and include account books and memoranda detailing production, sales, and expenses at the various properties; employment information and labor inventories, including enslaved people who were hired out by their enslavers, free Black people, and white people; and property inventories. Other materials include merchandise ledgers and account books for the general store and an eulogy for Dr. John R. Gilliam.

Folder 1226	Volume 1 (W): Henry Gilliam, 1820-1837 Large merchandise ledger.
Oversize Volume SV-324/2w	Volume 2 (W): Gilliam and Pipkin; Edward Wood, 1842-1858 Gilliam and Pipkin fishery account book; Wood's accounts of Greenfield Fishery employees.
Folder 1228	Volume 3 (W): Edward Wood, 1843-1847 Ledger recording labor production of staves, shingles, pipe heading and payment of laborers; also account of pork purchased by Thomas Riddick and Edward Wood.
Folder 1229	Volume 4 (W): Edward Wood, 1844-1851; 1862-1864; 1866 Account book of Montpelier Fishery, including records of fish caught, shipped, and sold; lists of cutters and number of fish each cut.
Folder 1230	Volume 5 (W): Edward Wood, 1848-1852 Memorandum of fishery management, including records of workers, expenses, supplies, and sales.
Folder 1231	Volume 6 (W): Edward Wood, 1849-1853 Memorandum of fishery management, including records of workers, expenses, supplies, and sales.
Folder 1232	Volume 7 (W): Edward Wood, 1850-1851 Personal and fishery expense memorandum.
Folder 1233	Volume 8 (W): Edward Wood, 1852-1861; 1866-1867 Account book of Greenfield Fishery, including records of fish caught, shipped, and sold.
Folder 1234	Volume 9 (W): Reverend Hoskins, 1853 Sermon text, a eulogy to Dr. John R. Gilliam.
Folder 1235	Volume 10 (W): Edward Wood, 1857-1860 Memorandum of fishery management, including records of workers, expenses, supplies, and sales.
Folder 1236	Volume 11 (W): Edward Wood, 1859-1861 Account book of fish sales.
Folder 1237	Volume 12 (W): Edward Wood, 1860-1866 Personal and fishery expense memorandum.
Folder 1238	Volume 13 (W): Edward Wood, 1861; 1868 Personal and fishery expense memorandum.
Folder 1239	Volume 14 (W): Hayes Plantation, 1865 Inventory of equipment and furnishings at Hayes.
Folder 1240	Volume 15 (W): Edward Wood, 1865-1870 Account book of expenses for Atholl, Hayes, Mulberry Hill, and Greenfield farms; includes records of cotton sales, fishery expenses, and expenses for building a boat.
Folder 1241	Volume 16 (W): Edward Wood and John Gilliam Wood, 1868-1872; 1880; 1883; 1885-1890 Account book of Greenfield and Montpelier Fisheries, including records of fish caught, shipped, and sold.
Oversize Volume SV-324/17w	Volume 17 (W): Edward Wood and William C. Wood, 1869-1874 Account book of Montpelier Fishery, including records of fish caught, shipped, and sold.
Folder 1243	Volume 18 (W): Hathaway & Wood, 1871 Merchandise ledger of accounts with fishery employees.
Folder 1244	Volume 19 (W): Edward Wood, 1871-1872 Account book of cotton shipped from Mulberry Hills, Hayes, and Greenfield farms.
Folder 1245	Volume 20 (W): Edward Wood, Edward Wood, Frank Wood, and John Gilliam Wood, 1871-1878; 1890 Account book of Greenfield Fishery, including records of fish caught, shipped, and sold.
Oversize Volume SV-324/21w	Volume 21 (W): William C. Wood, 1872-1874 Merchandise accounts of Montpelier fishery employees.
Folder 1247	Volume 22 (W): William C. Wood, 1874 Account book of fishery workers describing type of work done and time spent.
Folder 1248	Volume 23 (W): John Gilliam Wood, 1874-1881 Account book of cotton shipped from Wood farms.
Folder 1249	Volume 24 (W): Edward Wood, Frank Wood, John Gilliam Wood, 1879-1897 Account book of Greenfield Fishery, including records of fish caught, shipped, and sold.
Folder 1250	Volume 25 (W): Frank Wood, 1898-1920 Account book of Greenfield Fishery, including records of fish caught, shipped, and sold.
Oversize Volume SV-324/26w	Volume 26 (W): John Gilliam Wood, 1912-1920. Personal account ledger, including bank and Hayes accounts.
Folder 1252	Volume 27 (W): Frank Wood and George C. Wood, 1912-1914; 1920 Fishery account book.
Folder 1253	Volume 28 (W): Frank Wood and George C. Wood, 1924-1926; 1928 Fishery account book.

Expand/collapse Microfilm: Johnston and Wood Families.

Reel M-324/1

Microfilm: Guide and index to the microfilm edition of the Hayes Collection

Reel M-324/2-21

M-324/2

M-324/3

M-324/4

M-324/5

M-324/6

M-324/7

M-324/8

M-324/9

M-324/10

M-324/11

M-324/12

M-324/13

M-324/14

M-324/15

M-324/16

M-324/17

M-324/18

M-324/19

M-324/20

M-324/21

Microfilm: Johnston series

Reel 2: 1694-1770
Reel 3: 1771-1785
Reel 4: 1786-1799
Reel 5: 1800-1810
Reel 6: 1811-1817
Reel 7: 1818-1821
Reel 8: 1822-1825
Reel 9: 1826-1830
Reel 10: 1831-1836
Reel 11: 1837-1842
Reel 12: 1843-1847
Reel 13: 1848-1851
Reel 14: 1852-1857
Reel 15: 1858-1860
Reel 16: 1861-1865
Reel 17: Volumes 1-15
Reel 18: Volumes 16-28
Reel 19: Volumes 29-35
Reel 20: Volumes 36-57
Reel 21: Volumes 58-83

Reel M-324/22-35

M-324/22

M-324/23

M-324/24

M-324/25

M-324/26

M-324/27

M-324/28

M-324/29

M-324/30

M-324/31

M-324/32

M-324/33

M-324/34

M-324/35

Microfilm: Wood series

Reel 22: 1810-1865
Reel 23: 1866
Reel 24: 1867
Reel 25: 1868
Reel 26: 1869
Reel 27: 1870
Reel 28: 1871-1872
Reel 29: 1873-1874
Reel 30: 1875-1876
Reel 31: 1877-1878
Reel 32: 1879-1884
Reel 33: 1885-1921
Reel 34: Volumes 1-15
Reel 35: Volumes 16-28

Expand/collapse Subgroup 2. Unfilmed materials.

Expand/collapse Series 3. Johnston Family, 1718-1865 and undated.

About 2,400 items.

Arrangement: chronological.

Chiefly financial materials documenting Johnston family personal and business expenditures, Samuel Johnston's (1733-1816) legal education and practice, and Dr. William Cathcart's medical practice and farm. The people enslaved by Johnston family members are documented in lists and notes about their labor in some of these volumes.

Processing note: Folders were renumbered in April 2022.

Expand/collapse Subseries 3.1. Johnston Family Papers, 1718-1865 and undated.

About 2,350 items.

Arrangement: chronological.

Chiefly financial materials consisting of bills and receipts for sundry goods, clothing, freight and shipping, medical treatments, taxes, and journal subscriptions. Also included are bank checks; promissory notes; account sheets, particularly for James Cathcart Johnston's timber sales; and inventories. Other materials include notes from law books and from legal cases, notes from books and college classes, and miscellaneous printed flyers and pamphlets.

There are few letters in this series. Of note is a 29 June 1775 letter from John Ashe of Wilmington, imploring Samuel Johnston (1733-1816) to "call a Provincial Congress."

Materials prior to 1800 relate chiefly to Samuel Johnston (1733-1816) and his business partner William McKenzie. After 1800, materials relate chiefly to James Cathcart Johnston.

Folder 1254	1718
Folder 1255	1746; 1748
Folder 1256	1765; 1769; undated 1760s
Folder 1257	1770-1772; 1774-1775; undated 1770s
Folder 1258	1780-1782; 1786-1787; 1789
Folder 1259	1790
Folder 1260	1791
Folder 1261	1792-1793
Folder 1262	1794-1796
Folder 1263	Notes on English constitution and history by J. C. Johnston, 1797
Folder 1264	1797-1798
Folder 1265	1799
Folder 1266	1800-1809 and undated
Folder 1267	1800-1805
Folder 1268	1800-1805
Folder 1269	1806-1809
Folder 1270	1806-1809
Folder 1271	1810-1829 and undated
Folder 1272	1810-1811
Folder 1273	1810-1811
Folder 1274	1812-1813
Folder 1275	1812-1813
Folder 1276	1814-1815
Folder 1277	1814-1815
Folder 1278	1816-1819
Folder 1279	1816-1819
Folder 1280	1816-1819
Folder 1281	1820-1829 and undated
Folder 1282	1820-1821
Folder 1283	1822-1823
Folder 1284	1822-1823
Folder 1285	1824-1825
Folder 1286	1824-1825
Folder 1287	1826
Folder 1288	1827
Folder 1289	1828
Folder 1290	1829
Folder 1291	1830-1839 and undated
Folder 1292	1830
Folder 1293	1831
Folder 1294	1832
Folder 1295	1833
Folder 1296	January-September 1834
Folder 1297	October-December 1834
Folder 1298	January-June 1835
Folder 1299	July-December 1835
Folder 1300	1836
Folder 1301	1837
Folder 1302	January-June 1838
Folder 1303	July-December 1838
Folder 1304	January-June 1839
Folder 1305	July-December 1839
Folder 1306	January-June 1840
Folder 1307	July-December 1840
Folder 1308	1841
Folder 1309	1842
Folder 1310	1842
Folder 1311	1843
Folder 1312	1844
Folder 1313	1845
Folder 1314	1846
Folder 1315	1847
Folder 1316	1848
Folder 1317	1849
Folder 1318	1850
Folder 1319	1851
Folder 1320	1852
Folder 1321	1853
Folder 1322	1854-1855
Folder 1323	1856
Folder 1324	1857
Folder 1325	1858-1859
Folder 1326	1860-1865
Folder 1327	Undated
Folder 1328	Unfilmed and duplicate manuscripts Duplicate materials consist of copies of items found Series 1, such as legal notes, wills, agreements and indentures, and business letters.
Folder 1329	Unfilmed and duplicate manuscripts

Expand/collapse Subseries 3.2. Volumes, 1729-1841 and undated.

44 items.

Arrangement: chronological.

Account books, daybooks and memoranda primarily of Samuel Johnston (1733-1816) and his father-in-law, Dr. William Cathcart. Samuel Johnston's materials relate to his professional activities as a lawyer. Most materials detail his legal fees, but some notes on cases and court dates are also included. William Cathcart's volumes contain information on his medical practice including fees and expenses, medical notes, and patient information, such as types of treatment and medications. Other of Cathcart's volumes relate to his farming activities and include lists of enslaved people and notes on their labor, the weather, and crop production. Other materials include a 1729 indenture between George II and seven of the eight original Lords Proprietors of Carolina, James Cathcart Johnston's legal notes and expenses, and information regarding the settlement of Robert Williams's estate.

Folder 1330	Volume 1 (J): Indenture, 1729 Copy of the indenture drawn up among George II and the heirs of seven of the eight original Lords Proprietors of Carolina, selling the heirs proprietary shares to the Crown.
Folder 1331	Volume 2 (J): Sermon, 1732
Folder 1332	Volume 3 (J): William Cathcart, 1737-1738 Personal and medical expense memorandum, including lists of patients treated and medicines used.
Folder 1333	Volume 4 (J): William Cathcart, 1737-1738 Personal and medical expense memorandum.
Oversize Volume SV-324/5j	Volume 5 (J): William Cathcart, 1738-1761 Daybook of physician's accounts, including treatments and medicines prescribed; some personal expense accounts.
Folder 1335	Volume 6 (J): William Cathcart, 1752-1753 Diary with entries on weather conditions; includes some personal expense accounts.
Folder 1336	Volume 7 (J): William Cathcart, 1754 Diary with entries on weather conditions, farming and daily activities; includes some personal expense accounts and a description of an illness of Penelope, for whom he was a guardian.
Folder 1337	Volume 8 (J): William Cathcart, 1755 Diary with entries on weather conditions and farming activities; includes brief notes about enslaved people and personal expense accounts.
Folder 1338	Volume 9 (J): William Cathcart, 1756 Diary with entries on weather conditions and farming activities.
Oversize Volume SV-324/10j	Volume 10 (J): William Cathcart, 1756-1764 Physician's account book, including detailed descriptions of treatments and medicines prescribed.
Folder 1340	Volume 11 (J): William Cathcart, 1758-1761 Diary with entries on farming activities, patients visited for treatment, weather conditions, and personal expenses.
Folder 1341	Volume 12 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1759 Legal fee memorandum.
Folder 1342	Volume 13 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1763 Legal fee memorandum.
Folder 1343	Volume 14 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1763 Legal fee memorandum.
Folder 1344	Volume 15 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1764 Legal fee memorandum.
Folder 1345	Volume 16 (J): William Cathcart, 1764 Diary written in the "Virginia Almanack" with entries on weather conditions and farming activities; includes drafts of letters to his brother-in-law, Robert West, and his son Gabriel Cathcart, advising him on how to manage the enslaved people, overseers, and tobacco planting.
Folder 1346	Volume 17 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1765 Legal fee memorandum.
Folder 1347	Volume 18 (J): William Cathcart, 1765 Brief diary with entries about a trip and farming activities.
Folder 1348	Volume 19 (J): William Cathcart, 1765-1767 Memorandum of sundry expenses.
Folder 1349	Volume 20 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1766 Legal fee memorandum.
Folder 1350	Volume 21 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1767 Legal fee memorandum.
Folder 1351	Volume 22 (J): Gabriel Cathcart, 1767 Daybook; includes records of a trip and of the settlement of his personal expenses.
Folder 1352	Volume 23 (J): William Cathcart, 1767-1768 Plantation management and personal expense memorandum; includes recipe for pickling beef.
Folder 1353	Volume 24 (J): William Cathcart, 1768-1769 Personal and plantation expense memorandum; includes diary entries on farming and supplies and tallies on corn shipped.
Folder 1354	Volume 25 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1768-1770 "Steuart's Pocket Almanack" with Johnston's court schedule, travel itinerary, personal expenses, and record of planting apple trees.
Folder 1355	Volume 26 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1768-1770 Legal fee and personal expense memorandum with an account of enslaved people who had been hired out in 1768.
Folder 1356	Volume 27 (J): William Cathcart, 1769-1770 Memorandum of plantation expenses and activities; includes accounts of corn sold.
Folder 1357	Volume 28 (J): William Cathcart, 1769-1770 Diary with entries on weather and farming activities; includes recipes for fine mustard and gingerbread.
Folder 1358	Volume 29 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1770s Three pages of legal notes.
Folder 1359	Volume 30 (J): William Cathcart, 1770 Memorandum of labor performed by enslaved people in tobacco fields; diary entries on weather and farming; list of enslaved people who were given blankets.
Folder 1360	Volume 31 (J): William Cathcart, 1771 Diary with brief entries on weather conditions and farming activities.
Folder 1361	Volume 32 (J): Robert Williams, 1771 Account book of his estate settlement.
Folder 1362	Volume 33 (J): William Cathcart, 1771-1772 Diary with brief entries on weather conditions and farming activities.
Folder 1363	Volume 34 (J): Unidentified, 1774 Notes on physics, mathematics, philosophy, medicine, etc., interspersed with accounts for sale of corn, rum, etc.
Folder 1364	Volume 35 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1774 "Rivington's Pocket Almanack" with a list of enslaved people and occasional diary entries, personal expenses.
Folder 1365	Volume 36 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1775 "Rivington's Pocket Almanack" with a list of enslaved people and occasional diary entries, personal expenses.
Folder 1366	Volume 37 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816, 1776-1777 Memorandum including list of drafts on the Continental Treasury.
Folder 1367	Volume 38 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1788 "Poor Will's Pocket Almanack" with very few personal entries.
Folder 1368	Volume 39 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1790 "Gaines New-York Pocket Almanack" with few entries on personal expenses.
Folder 1369	Volume 40 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1791 "Bailey's Pocket Almanack" with few personal entries.
Folder 1370	Volume 41 (J): Samuel Johnston (1733-1816), 1792 "Poor Will's Pocket Almanack" with very few personal entries.
Folder 1371	Volume 42 (J): James Cathcart Johnston, 1800-1801 Notes on Robertson's Charles V.
Folder 1372	Volume 43 (J): James Cathcart Johnston, 1802-1803 Law notes.
Folder 1373	Volume 44 (J): James Cathcart Johnston, 1838-1841 Small account book.

Expand/collapse Series 4. Wood family, 1850-1917.

About 5,100 items.

Arrangement: chronological.

Chiefly financial materials documenting the daily transactions involved in the operation of the Wood family farms and fisheries, the state of the economy, market conditions, and crop productivity levels during the second half of the 19th century. Also included are John Gilliam Wood's and James Wood's academic notes while attending the University of Virginia and the University of Chapel Hill respectively and Elizabeth Martin Wood's market book.

Folders were renumbered in April 2022.

Expand/collapse Subseries 4.1. Wood Family Papers, 1718-1865 and undated.

About 5,100 items.

Arrangement: chronological.

Chiefly financial materials consisting of bills and receipts from various merchants for sundry goods, clothing, household items, and farming and fishing necessities. There are extensive receipts from the Albemarle Steam Navigation Co., Norfolk Southern Rail Road Co., and the Seaboard Air Line & Atlantic Coast Line document shipping costs for the transport of Wood family goods. Also included are promissory notes, cancelled checks, account sheets, wage receipts for hired labor at the various farms, and inventories.

There are a few letters written by Edward Wood and William C. Wood in the late 1860s that pertain to the management of their various fisheries. Many of the letters leading up to the 1870s discuss the consignment of fish. In 1869, there is a letter written to the North Carolina legislative body asking members to "bestow due attention" on any bill presented before them regarding fishing.

Letters from commission merchants are less detailed than those found in the microfilmed series and relate to the receipt of goods and remittance of payment.

There are a few letters to the Wood family requesting financial assistance. In 1879, John Wood received a letter on behalf of a North Carolina judge requesting money to purchase a piece of land. In 1881, James Cathcart Johnston Jr. wrote of the destruction of his Texas house and farm in a storm and requested money to make repairs.

Also of note are several North Carolina 17th Regiment rosters that date to the Civil War period.

Folder 1374	1850s-1865
Folder 1375	1866
Folder 1376	1867
Folder 1377	January-June 1868
Folder 1378	July-December 1868
Folder 1379	January-June 1869
Folder 1380	July-December 1869
Folder 1381	January-May 1870
Folder 1382	June-December 1870
Folder 1383	1871
Folder 1384	January-May 1872
Folder 1385	June-December 1872
Folder 1386	1873
Folder 1387	1874
Folder 1388	Atholl Fishery wage vouchers, 1874
Folder 1389	Greenfield Fishery wage vouchers, 1874
Folder 1390	Hayes wage vouchers, 1874
Folder 1391	Mulberry Hill wage vouchers, 1874
Folder 1392	Spruill Farm wage vouchers, 1874
Folder 1393	1875
Folder 1394	Greenfield Fishery wage vouchers, 1875
Folder 1395	Hayes wage vouchers, 1875
Folder 1396	Mulberry Hill wage vouchers, 1875
Folder 1397	Spruill Farm wage vouchers, 1875
Folder 1398	January-June 1876
Folder 1399	July-December 1876
Folder 1400	1877
Folder 1401	Hayes wage vouchers, 1877
Folder 1402	Mulberry Hill wage vouchers, 1877
Folder 1403	1878
Folder 1404	Hayes wage vouchers, 1878
Folder 1405	Rea Farm wage vouchers, 1878
Folder 1406	Spruill Farm wage vouchers, 1878
Folder 1407	January-June 1879
Folder 1408	July-December 1879
Folder 1409	Hayes wage vouchers, 1879
Folder 1410	Mulberry Hill wage vouchers, 1879
Folder 1411	Spruill Farm wage vouchers, 1879
Folder 1412	1880
Folder 1413	January-June 1881
Folder 1414	July-December 1881
Folder 1415	Wage vouchers, 1881
Folder 1416	January-June 1882
Folder 1417	July-December 1882
Folder 1418	January-May 1883
Folder 1419	January-December 1883
Folder 1420	January-February 1884
Folder 1421	March-April 1884
Folder 1422	May-June 1884
Folder 1423	July-October 1884
Folder 1424	November-December 1884
Folder 1425	1885
Folder 1426	1886
Folder 1427	1887
Folder 1428	1888
Folder 1429	Hayes wage vouchers, 1888
Folder 1430	Spruill Farm wage vouchers, 1888
Folder 1431	Janunary-May 1889
Folder 1432	June-December 1889
Folder 1433	January-April 1890
Folder 1434	May-December 1890
Folder 1435	1891
Folder 1436	January-March 1892
Folder 1437	April-December 1892
Folder 1438	January-April 1893
Folder 1439	May-December 1893
Folder 1440	1894
Folder 1441	1895
Folder 1442	January-June 1896
Folder 1443	July-December 1896
Folder 1444	July-December 1896
Folder 1445	1897
Folder 1446	1898
Folder 1447	Cancelled checks, 1898
Folder 1448	January-April 1899
Folder 1449	May-December 1899
Folder 1450	Cancelled checks, 1899
Folder 1451	1900
Folder 1452	Cancelled checks, 1900
Folder 1453	1901
Folder 1454	Cancelled checks, 1901
Folder 1455	January-March 1902
Folder 1456	April-July 1902
Folder 1457	August-December 1902
Folder 1458	Cancelled checks, 1902
Folder 1459	January-February 1903
Folder 1460	March-June 1903

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Collection Number: 00324 Collection Title: Hayes Collection, 1694-1928

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Expand/collapse Subgroup 1. Microfilmed materials.

Expand/collapse Series 1. Johnston Family, 1694-1865 and undated.

Expand/collapse Subseries 1.1. Johnston Family Papers 1694-1865.

Expand/collapse Subseries 1.1.1. Johnston Family Papers, 1694-1759.

Expand/collapse Subseries 1.1.2. Johnston Family Papers, 1750-1810.

Collection Number: 00324

Collection Title: Hayes Collection, 1694-1928